{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:12:30Z","timestamp":1789150350794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"37","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["884116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["884116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222641018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222641018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2541081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2541081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Innovation 2030","award":["2022ZD0204600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0204600"]}]},{"name":"DFG Excellence Cluster","award":["533717223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533717223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Color is a defining feature of human vision, yet its integration with spatial structure across stages of the visual system is still not fully understood. Classical accounts assumed that color provides little spatial information, being represented coarsely and separately from luminance. Here, we show that the spatial selectivity of color is not fixed, but dynamically transforms with temporal frequency. In human observers, steady-state visual evoked potentials reveal a clear shift from low-pass tuning at higher temporal frequencies to band-pass tuning at lower frequencies. Local field potentials recorded from macaque V1 exhibit the same transition, and color-deficient observers show a selective loss of the low-pass component, pointing to distinct underlying mechanisms. Analyses of deep neural networks trained for object recognition reveal an analogous transformation, demonstrating that this principle also emerges in artificial vision systems. Together, these findings establish that the spatial tuning of color evolves systematically with temporal scale, providing a unifying principle of chromatic coding across biological and artificial systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aec6658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1789149509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A unifying principle of chromatic coding across biological and artificial systems"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2284-4999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiao","family":"Songlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-0684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl R.","family":"Gegenfurtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie and Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen, Gie\u00dfen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6651-9632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingfan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9098-0656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hetian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-8158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"SANS Institute for Neuroscience and Vision Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7200-9352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3038-1786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.1332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.92.2.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00309.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/275055a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90130-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(88)90024-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.544136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.033555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02768.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00563-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.14.7421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00200-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Human visual evoked potentials to chromatic and achromatic gratings","volume":"1","author":"Murray I. J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"I. J. Murray, N. R. A. Parry, D. Carden, J. Kulikowski, Human visual evoked potentials to chromatic and achromatic gratings. Clin. Vis. Sci. 1, 231\u2013244 (1987).","journal-title":"Clin. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"204166951775271","article-title":"Cortical double-opponent cells in color perception: Perceptual scaling and chromatic visual evoked potentials","volume":"9","author":"Nunez V.","year":"2018","unstructured":"V. Nunez, R. M. Shapley, J. Gordon, Cortical double-opponent cells in color perception: Perceptual scaling and chromatic visual evoked potentials. iPerception 9, 2041669517752715 (2018).","journal-title":"iPerception"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90222-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.000011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90091-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90031-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00171-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800008154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p270889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.000742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.002105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"J. Kubilius M. Schrimpf K. Kar H. Hong N. J. Majaj R. Rajalingham E. B. Issa P. Bashivan J. Prescott-Roy K. Schmidt A. Nayebi D. Bear D. L. K. Yamins J. J. DiCarlo Brain-like object recognition with high-performing shallow recurrent ANNs. arXiv:1909.06161 [cs.CV] (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1395-23.2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.59.001482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.63.001037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00222-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.8.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.545280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523899156177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.3272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2101056a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90237-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/250437a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(71)90013-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2025.108564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/18.9.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01043.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00649.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90216-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0276-22.2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3440-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90239-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90045-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.69.001340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361348a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00198-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1048-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.13.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2021.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/6.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2025.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2023.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721421990334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","unstructured":"S. Ishihara Ishihara\u2019s tests for color deficiency (Kanehara Trading Tokyo Japan 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90077-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.71.000453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90203-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90039-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00208.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00469.2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002648202420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/19.6.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.6.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3934-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","unstructured":"I. M. Andolina Opticka: Psychophysics-toolbox based experiment manager Zenodo (2023); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7787740."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","unstructured":"K. Simonyan A. Zisserman Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:1409.1556 [cs.CV] (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Deng W. Dong R. Socher L. J. Li K. Li F. F. Li \u201cImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database\u201d in 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (IEEE 2009) pp. 248\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cai F. Yin D. Hammou R. Mantiuk Do computer vision foundation models learn the low-level characteristics of the human visual system? arXiv:2502.20256 [cs.CV] (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.01866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","unstructured":"M. Ehrlich \u201cCompression in the ImageNet Dataset \u201d Towards Data Science (2021); https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/compression-in-the-imagenet-dataset-34c56d14d463\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","unstructured":"M. Plummer JAGS: A program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling (2003)."}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aec6658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1789149612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aec6658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aec6658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aec6658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaec6658"}}