{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:28:22Z","timestamp":1787164102398,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE-1810681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1810681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42575052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42575052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Earth\u2019s energy imbalance (EEI) that develops at the top of the atmosphere is accommodated by gains or losses of energy in Earth\u2019s heat reservoirs, leading to temperature and sea level change. The global ocean has stored about 90% of the EEI from anthropogenic forcing, but the attribution of past changes of EEI remains largely unknown, thus obscuring our understanding of past climate change. Here, we reconstruct changes in mean ocean temperature over the past 150,000 years that, with a reconstruction of ice sheet\u2013volume changes, allow us to isolate the contributions of the dominant ocean and ice sheet heat reservoirs to the global energy inventory as well as to derive their associated contributions to EEI. We attribute orbital-scale EEI variability to joint precessional and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    forcing that caused changes in rates of ice sheet energy storage. In contrast, millennial-scale EEI variability can be attributed to radiative responses to decreases in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and increasing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    during Heinrich stadials that caused changes in rates of ocean energy storage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aec9034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:59:26Z","timestamp":1787162366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconstruction and attribution of Late-Pleistocene changes in the Earth\u2019s energy imbalance"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-6932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saray","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4752-6045","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter U.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA."},{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-4294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-8644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK."},{"name":"Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-2666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA."},{"name":"School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-6406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<3117:AOBEOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-1675-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Forster P. T. Storelvmo K. Armour W. Collins J.-L. Dufresne D. Frame D. J. Lunt T. Mauritsen M. D. Palmer M. Watanabe M. Wild H. Zhang \u201cThe Earth\u2019s energy budget climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity \u201d in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change V. Masson-Delmotte P. Zhai A. Pirani Eds. (Cambridge Univ. 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