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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As human space exploration advances, understanding how different gravity levels affect skeletal muscle is critical for long-term health. Among the major organ systems, skeletal muscle is particularly sensitive to gravitational unloading, yet the gravity threshold required to maintain homeostasis remains unclear. Using the Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System aboard the International Space Station, mice were exposed to graded gravity levels, microgravity, 0.33\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 0.67\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 1\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and their muscles were analyzed postflight. In the gravity-sensitive soleus, the cross-sectional area was preserved at 0.33\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while the slow-to-fast myofiber transition was partially suppressed at 0.33\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    and fully prevented at 0.67\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Functional measures, including forelimb grip strength and electrical impedance myography, indicated that 0.67\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    was sufficient to maintain muscle performance. Plasma metabolomics identified 11 metabolites with gravity-dependent changes, suggesting potential biomarkers for monitoring physiological adaptation. Collectively, these results identify 0.67\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a critical threshold for mitigating spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy and myofiber type transitions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aed2258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:58:33Z","timestamp":1773424713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["0.33\n                    <i>g<\/i>\n                    mitigates muscle atrophy while 0.67\n                    <i>g<\/i>\n                    preserves muscle function and myofiber type composition in mice during spaceflight"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0430-6731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Resource 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