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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phages and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) drive bacterial evolution, but how their interplay shapes bacterial adaptation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination remains unclear. Here, we characterize phage-ICE tandems formed by site-specific accretion of phages and ICEs into cotransferable units. In\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , phage-encoded integrases (IntIE\n                    <jats:sub>Phage<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) drive stress-inducible excision and circularization, after which ICE machinery mediates conduction of the tandem. When excision is impaired, phage and phage-ICE fragments disseminate by transformation and integrate via RecA-dependent homologous recombination (HR), providing a fail-safe route. This pathway enables cotransfer of flanking chromosomal DNA, generating length-variable integrations that remodel transcriptional programs and increase oxidative stress tolerance. A global screen identified 612 phage-ICE tandems across seven phyla and 135 species, including multidrug-resistant pathogens, with lineage-specific repertoires of AMR, virulence, and metabolic genes. Rather than a hybrid element, these structures represent functional interplay where prophages exploit ICE conjugation while facilitating mobilization of the composite region. By coupling excision, transfer, and recombination, phage-ICEs shape adaptation and accelerate AMR spread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aed3416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:06:59Z","timestamp":1791569219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phage-ICE tandems facilitate bacterial adaptation and antimicrobial resistance spread"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8149-1486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinhu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China."},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Risk Assessment Center of Veterinary Drug Residue and Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, College 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