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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electrical synapses are expressed ubiquitously across the brain and are crucial components of active neural circuitry and connectomes. Identification of coupled networks in living tissue is limited by technical demands of multiplexed recordings, and no dyes, fluorescent reporters, or genetic labels can now fill the gap. We introduce a novel method of identifying and quantifying electrical synapses, opto-\u03b4\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L<\/jats:italic>\n                    , that combines focal photostimulation of soma-targeted opsins with a spike timing\u2013based computation for the strength of electrical synapses to rapidly measure and map electrically coupled networks in vitro. We leverage opto-\u03b4\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L<\/jats:italic>\n                    to show that coupled networks of the mature thalamic reticular nucleus extend as far as 100\u00a0micrometers, synapse promiscuously across genetic subtypes of neurons, and couple one to four neighboring neurons to each recorded hub cell. We applied opto-\u03b4\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L<\/jats:italic>\n                    to cortical networks, where we found that somatostatin neurons were more strongly and prevalently coupled. These results highlight the broad potential of opto-\u03b4\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L<\/jats:italic>\n                    to interrogate the identity and roles of electrical synapses in circuitry, behavior, and cognition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aed7447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:59:24Z","timestamp":1792000764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photomapping electrically coupled networks of the mature thalamus and cortex"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-7120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-3223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David S.","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System; and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-6897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radhika","family":"Basheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System; and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-1532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-8512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie S.","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02300-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00068-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00043-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.4.487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09478.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-21-09099.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"State-dependent modulation of gap junction signaling by the persistent sodium current","volume":"5","author":"Haas J. 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