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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) sensing and closed-loop electrical stimulation (ES) could enable interactive muscle training, motor rehabilitation, and kinesthetic feedback. However, current systems often suffer from nonconformal device\/skin interfaces, poor wearability, and anatomical variability among users, limiting signal fidelity and stimulation precision. Here, we present a fully wireless, skin-integrated electronic tattoo platform that records high-quality EMG and delivers closed-loop ES through custom drawn-on-skin, conformal electrodes with strong adhesion and high spatial accuracy. The system supports closed-loop muscle interactions across body regions and even between individuals. Machine learning models classify EMG patterns from different hand gestures with &gt;90% accuracy and adapt ES parameters to stimulate specific muscle groups. In a heavy object holding task, users reached the required grip behavior substantially faster than unassisted controls, indicating improved neuromuscular efficiency. This closed-loop framework not only supports personalized muscle control but also supports coordinated activation across multiple sites or users, unlocking possibilities in interactive motor training, remote rehabilitation, and virtual reality environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aed7673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:58:57Z","timestamp":1776275937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drawn-on-skin electronic tattoo as a closed-loop sensing-stimulation system for the muscles"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0965-8226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ya","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced 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China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-1031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lung","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-4649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Future Information Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 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