{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:34:55Z","timestamp":1792794895453,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"40","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OMA-2016244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OMA-2016244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs"},{"name":"Quantum CT"},{"name":"Roberts Innovation Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Narrow-linewidth lasers are essential for a wide range of applications in atomic clocks and precision sensing, where achieving high-frequency stability is as critical as ensuring scalability, portability, and cost-effectiveness in developing stable laser systems. Conventional electro-optic stabilization techniques, such as Pound\u2013Drever\u2013Hall locking to ultrahigh-finesse resonators held in a vacuum chamber, provide excellent performance but remain challenging to scale. Here, we demonstrate a cavity-coupled interferometric laser stabilization technique implemented on a silicon photonic chip and integrated with a wafer-scale vacuum-gap micro-Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot cavity. The optical cavity operates in air, achieving a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    factor of 2.0\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a fractional frequency instability of 1.45\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 1-second averaging time. Integration of the proposed technique with the compact cavity yields more than 38-fold reduction in the integrated linewidth and 30-decibel suppression of frequency noise at 10-hertz offset. The hybrid-integrated platform provides a route to scalable ultrastable lasers for field-deployable precision systems beyond laboratory environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aed9945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:59:16Z","timestamp":1790963956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chip-scale modulation-free laser stabilization using vacuum-gap micro-Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot cavity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-6112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamad Hossein","family":"Idjadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8418-9626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farshid","family":"Ashtiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1851-129X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwangwoong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-6224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naijun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3766-6549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Franklyn","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6081-1249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Rakich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416233a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat4458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.7.000A14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"W. Demtr\u00f6der Laser Spectroscopy (Springer 1973) vol. 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.87.637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07058-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07057-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado9570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.12.000876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01701-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00702605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.263202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0605-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2915637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1286663"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01303-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3066203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0050117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.562434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.451635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39047-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.564405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46319-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.558969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-018-7021-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0057881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21205-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12030235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.486087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.12.024010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.054054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.532883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.467440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0174384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.004801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.002112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-013-5676-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.74.053801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.015023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Indie Narrow DFB Laser Module \u2013 LXM https:\/\/indie.inc\/product\/ultra-narrow-laser-module-lxm [accessed 8 July 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. 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Riley NIST Special Publication 1065: Handbook of Frequency Stability Analysis (US Government Printing Office 2008).","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/52\/4\/565"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aed9945","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:01:19Z","timestamp":1790964079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aed9945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aed9945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aed9945","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaed9945"}}