{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:12:49Z","timestamp":1789150369884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"37","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9678090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9678090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission","award":["InnoHK@Health"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["InnoHK@Health"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC Project","award":["11201325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11201325"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-powered sensors that directly convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals hold promise for next-generation bio-integrated electronics, but their practical translation is hindered by low electrical output and poor mechanical properties. Herein, we present an engineered copolymer ionogel featuring piezoionic amplification and enhanced mechanical properties through optimization of the hydrogen bond network by inserting polyurea chains into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The optimized copolymer ionogel achieves a voltage output of 20 millivolts, which is 10 folds higher than conventional PVA ionogels. Exceptional stretchability (1510%), toughness (23.1 megajoules per cubic meter), and durability are also achieved. Integrated into a wearable epidermal sensor with a machine learning algorithm, the copolymer ionogel enables cuffless, noninvasive, and continuous blood pressure monitoring, achieving mean absolute errors of 5.9 millimeters of mmHg (mmHg; systolic) and 3.6 mmHg (diastolic), thereby satisfying the stringent grade A of British Hypertension Society standard. This hydrogen-bond optimization strategy provides an avenue for piezoionic amplification and demonstrates the practicality of high-performance ionogels for wearable health-monitoring devices, thereby advancing the development of next-generation wearable biomedical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aee4501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1789149509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Piezoionic copolymer ionogel with tunable hydrogen bond enables epidermal blood pressure analyzer"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0505-9971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuejie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-8141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7314-8559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-3003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-0062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3506-1160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1636-9032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Institute of Digital Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu1598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-018-0217-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.19330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31165-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads2291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202300268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35434-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202418583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202100321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"e15804","article-title":"Rapid fabrication of antifreezing piezoionic hydrogels for fast charging and enhanced energy harvesting frequency via ion-regulating nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Li Y.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Li, H. Yin, C. Jiang, Y. Chen, Q. Li, B. Li, Y. Guo, Rapid fabrication of antifreezing piezoionic hydrogels for fast charging and enhanced energy harvesting frequency via ion-regulating nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 10, e15804 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55177-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MH01067A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202519010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202415000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM01346F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03212-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62742-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.4c01098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.4c03202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56340-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46334-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202414016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202524676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.173003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202420187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01127-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01586-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01279-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202410312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4172-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12042126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40763-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"M. Frisch G. W. Trucks H. B. Schlegel G. E. Scuseria M. A. Robb J. R. Cheeseman G. Scalmani V. Barone B. Mennucci G. A. Petersson H. Nakatsuji M. Caricato X. Li H. P. Hratchian A. F. Izmaylov J. Bloino G. Zheng J. L. Sonnenberg M. Hada M. Ehara K. Toyota R. Fukuda J. Hasegawa M. Ishida T. Nakajima Y. Honda O. Kitao H. Nakai T. Vreven J. A. Montgomery Jr. J. E. Peralta F. Ogliaro M. Bearpark J. J. Heyd E. Brothers K. N. Kudin V. N. Staroverov T. Keith R. Kobayashi J. Normand K. Raghavachari A. Rendell J. C. Burant S. S. Iyengar J. Tomasi M. Cossi N. Rega J. M. Millam M. Klene J. E. Knox J. B. Cross V. Bakken C. Adamo J. Jaramillo R. Gomperts R. E. Stratmann O. Yazyev A. J. Austin R. Cammi C. Pomelli J. W. Ochterski R. L. Martin K. Morokuma V. G. Zakrzewski G. A. Voth P. Salvador J. J. Dannenberg S. Dapprich A. D. Daniels \u00d6. Farkas J. B. Foresman J. V. Ortiz J. Cioslowski and D. J. Fox Gaussian 09 Revision D.01 (Gaussian Inc. 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3382344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b508541a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0216272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700301q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.470117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-987X(199709)18:12<1463::AID-JCC4>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00314-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3561323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Chen C. Guestrin \u201cXGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system \u201d in Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data (ACM 2016) vol. 16 pp. 785\u2013794.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aee4501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:58:51Z","timestamp":1789149531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aee4501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aee4501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aee4501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaee4501"}}