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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Type 1 and type 3 \u03b3\u03b4 T cells develop in the embryonic thymus, yet it is not known whether they continue to differentiate after birth in tissues. Here, we show that in the first week of life, intestinal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells up-regulated many T cell activation and type 3 genes, while the postweaning period was dominated by induction of genes related to effector function, type 1 immunity, and cytotoxicity. During this period, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells protected the gut from fungal infection. In the adult intestine, type 3 interleukin-17\u2013producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells (\u03b3\u03b4T17 cells) had a distinct phenotype, a Tbet-dependent type 1 immune profile and enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Last, we found a \u03b3\u03b4T17 cell\u2013like population in the neonatal human gut. Collectively, our data suggest that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells continue to mature after they leave the thymus and, upon localization to the gut, a dynamic temporal differentiation program reshapes type 3 cells into Tbet\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    type 1 effectors with heightened TCR activity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aee6790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1785952902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A temporal differentiation program after birth delineates \u03b3\u03b4 T cell immunity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-2757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria V.","family":"Baglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo G. F.","family":"Fares da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6880-7914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sonnenholzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-5474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Copland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-6996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Catafal-Tardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4468-5018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davide","family":"Secci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4434-3686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Pe\u00f1alver-Sebasti\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6017-7121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin F.","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-298X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne S.","family":"Kappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Oehlenschl\u00e6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6550-7505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark B.","family":"Elleb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark."},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Diseases and Malformations in Infancy and Childhood (GAIN), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4440-2362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gitte","family":"Zachariassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Diseases and Malformations in Infancy and Childhood (GAIN), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark."},{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children\u2019s Hospital, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Aunsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 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