{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T18:44:18Z","timestamp":1786128258916,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2223192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2223192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-22-1-0339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science National Quantum Information Science Research Centers"},{"name":"QLCI-HQAN","award":["2016136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Breaking electromagnetic reciprocity enables directional control of light and is essential for both classical and quantum photonic systems. However, realizing integrated optical nonreciprocity that simultaneously combines low loss, broad bandwidth, and compatibility with quantum states of light remains a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate optical nonreciprocity based on quantum frequency conversion in an integrated\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"bold\">\u03c7<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">(<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn mathvariant=\"bold\">2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">)<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    nonlinear waveguide. Operating from classical power levels down to the single-photon level, the device preserves quantum coherence and entanglement of the input photons. We achieve an isolation of 34 decibels with a low on-chip insertion loss of 0.8 decibels and a broad isolation bandwidth, together with a four-port circulator exhibiting an operational fidelity of up to 0.97. Our results establish parametric frequency conversion as a scalable and quantum-compatible route toward integrated nonreciprocal photonic devices for applications in quantum communication and noise-resilient photonic networks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:59:18Z","timestamp":1786125558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical isolation and circulation using quantum frequency conversion on a chip"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5537-4881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jierui","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."},{"name":"Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."},{"name":"Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1137-2512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."},{"name":"Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-9732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shanhui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94605, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4700-678X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kejie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."},{"name":"Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.247728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"041036","article-title":"Nanophotonic optical isolator controlled by the internal state of cold atoms","volume":"5","author":"Sayrin C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"C. Sayrin, C. Junge, R. Mitsch, B. Albrecht, D. O\u2019Shea, P. Schneeweiss, J. Volz, A. Rauschenbeutel, Nanophotonic optical isolator controlled by the internal state of cold atoms. Phys. Rev. X 5, 041036 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe8924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22597-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-023-01141-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01692-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01683-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys4009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0254-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00884-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00882-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00711-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01663-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.482635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-01026-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01227-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0051-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.153601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06477-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.132.210402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.15.001476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.123902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-01110-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.385639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.440383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01653-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0241224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.66.1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.10.526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-023-00704-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.155304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"031011","article-title":"Dynamics of many-body photon bound states in chiral waveguide QED","volume":"10","author":"Mahmoodian S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Mahmoodian, G. Calaj\u00f3, D. E. Chang, K. Hammerer, A. S. S\u00f8rensen, Dynamics of many-body photon bound states in chiral waveguide QED. Phys. Rev. X 10, 031011 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-025-02811-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01525-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1659265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.10.000222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hu H. Yuan J. Akin A. K. M. Naziul Haque Y. Zhao K. Fang Efficient bidirectional quantum frequency conversion between telecom and visible bands using programmable III-V nanophotonic waveguides. arXiv:2510.16696 [quant-ph] (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71688-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04009"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T18:02:15Z","timestamp":1786125735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaef0501"}}