{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:35:50Z","timestamp":1786732550910,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"33","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62403056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62403056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62573060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62573060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025CX01003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CX01003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB4705400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB4705400"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L242023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L242023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Agile and controllable motion is essential for active micromotors to navigate various microscale scenarios and manipulate the microscopic world, where parallel navigation and independent control are highly desirable. However, most micromotor navigation strategies suffer from limited agility and poor predictability, with motion typically confined to single-micromotor self-propulsion along predetermined trajectories. Herein, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013assisted optoelectronic control strategy that involves converting stochastic micromotor self-propulsion into controllable omnidirectional motion by synergistically exploiting multiple electrokinetic mechanisms. This strategy enables independent navigation of individual micromotors while simultaneously supporting parallel manipulation. By spatiotemporally configuring two or more optical patterns, agile motion primitives, such as directional propulsion, passive propulsion, in situ U-turns, and motion pause and restarting, were developed. To improve navigation robustness under coupled electrokinetic effects, a spatial-temporal AI model was developed for accurately predicting micromotor motion to facilitate the optimization of dynamic guidance schemes. These motion primitives are sequentially integrated and automatedly switched along long-term, reconfigurable trajectories, thereby enabling continuous navigation guided by discrete optical patterns. Independent control of active micromotors was demonstrated through the parallel manipulation of multiple Janus micromotors that were navigating intricate networks, in which each micromotor followed individual trajectories and adapted in real time to local terrain variations. This work showcased an agile and predictable navigation strategy for active micromotors that facilitates independent and massively parallel manipulation in intricate terrains, thus opening further possibilities for advanced applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef0741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:58:41Z","timestamp":1786730321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-assisted optoelectrokinetic control of active self-propelling micromotors for independent navigation with multimode motions"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8334-5957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7077-5635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, China."},{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9539-4713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaozhen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-7314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-4161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1816-9360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-3854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Metin","family":"Sitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany."},{"name":"School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Ko\u00e7 University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-3402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huaping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2006.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25108-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-050317-021237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202109181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01956-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202000279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.100513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202112935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201804189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06727-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2021.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2022.101612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37448-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202106263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/6821595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b02100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.198001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3157147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00575H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2966319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2994057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"R. Khanam M. Hussain Yolov11: An overview of the key architectural enhancements. arXiv:2410.17725 [cs.CV] (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn7582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba9628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA15624F"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:00:03Z","timestamp":1786730403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aef0741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef0741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaef0741"}}