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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Brains are often described as cost-efficient communication networks that optimally balance long-connection costs against fast communication. Inspired by the \u201cuse it or lose it\u201d principle, we present a game-theoretic model of self-organizing neural units showing the brain is suboptimal in both regards. Regional competition for connectivity under propagative dynamics yields networks resembling the human cortex yet more efficient and economical. In addition, using a reservoir computing framework, we find comparable information processing capacity, but synthetic optimal communication networks show lower computational reliability. Last, virtual lesions reveal why these networks are fragile: To optimize communication, they funnel information through a spatially clustered \u201coligarchy\u201d of transmodal hubs. 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Cortical networks thus trade both cost and efficiency for reliable computation, highlighting computational reliability as an overlooked and perhaps even more prominent driver of brain connectivity than wiring cost or communication efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef2894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:59:26Z","timestamp":1788371966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human cortical networks trade communication efficiency for computational reliability"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-1777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kayson","family":"Fakhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-0295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danyal","family":"Akarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK."},{"name":"Imperial-X, Imperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-6431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea I.","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK."},{"name":"St. John\u2019s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."},{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-6102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia."},{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3870-798X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Hadaeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-3210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra E.","family":"V\u00e9rtes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-8283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ed","family":"Bullmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; 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