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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Maize has long been argued to have played a key role in the transition to food production in the Americas. Recent work has even suggested that this included \u201cmonoculture\u201d in parts of South America. Here, we report stable isotope data (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C, \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N, and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O) of 101 human individuals from 37 late Holocene archaeological sites across the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), Caatinga (dry forest), and Atlantic Forest biomes of central-eastern South America, in addition to present faunal baseline and radiocarbon dates. The results show cultural and economic diversity among archaeological traditions. Integrating archaeological, palaeoecological, and chronological data, we argue for the coexistence of a diversified and a more complex food production systems in the Cerrado biome, comparable to those of precolonial urban-scale populations practicing maize agriculture in the Amazon. These findings demonstrated that eastern South America populations practiced maize-based polyculture, reshaping current models of cultural and environmental dynamics in the Cerrado biome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef7066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:03:21Z","timestamp":1784138601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maize-based polyculture, not monoculture, sustained precolonial societies in the Brazilian Cerrado"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-6397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliane","family":"Chim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Department of Coevolution of Land Use and Urbanisation, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-9882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry L. A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cachoeira, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6609-8192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sibeli A.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3254-2176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haruan","family":"Straioto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0597-0773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elver","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco, Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Huesges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Central Unit, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5996-5734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Central Unit, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-0403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego T.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Museu Antropol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1817-6536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danilo R.","family":"Zardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-3380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s M.","family":"Str\u00edkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilmar","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, 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