{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:55:11Z","timestamp":1790794511086,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"40","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA23OAR4320198-T1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA23OAR4320198-T1-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA23OAR4320198-T1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA23OAR4320198-T1-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24SUHAWCSD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24SUHAWCSD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2025-05397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tropical high clouds are central to large-scale circulation and the hydrological cycle. The consensus expectation is that they rise and contract under surface warming, but their fast adjustment to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations is diverse. All GHGs reduce atmospheric longwave cooling, yet tropical high clouds can increase or decrease depending on the gas. Using a model hierarchy with unchanged sea surface temperature, we find increased tropical high cloud for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and decreased tropical high cloud for CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O. These diverging responses are primarily driven by changes in the vertical structure of upper-tropospheric radiative heating, with stratification changes playing a secondary role. This study reveals that instantaneous radiative forcing dominates upper tropospheric heating change, establishing a mechanistic link between the spectroscopy of specific GHGs and their cloud adjustments. These results highlight the importance of the vertical structure of radiative forcing beyond the conventional top-of-atmosphere metrics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef7462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:58:26Z","timestamp":1790791106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Instantaneous heating rate forcing differentiates tropical high-cloud adjustments across greenhouse gases"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9292-1488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5593-8210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Merlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-4198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019RG000678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0754.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00825.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0521.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601472113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021MS002917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1834.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-22-0513.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023AV001144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00167.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508268112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-00150-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL093616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-022-00304-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01144-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Myhre D. Shindell J. Pongratz Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press 2013) pp. 659\u2013740.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-9591-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720683115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00555.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2652.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5254.1402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD040850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01420-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-22-0708.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-18-0347.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-18-0352.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709339710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. T. Pierrehumbert Principles of Planetary Climate (Cambridge Univ. Press 2010).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511780783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"G. W. Petty A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation (Sundog Publishing ed. 2 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-25-0233.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL106433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00236.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0861.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"R. B. Neale A. Gettelman S. Park C.-C. Chen P. H. Lauritzen D. L. Williamson A. J. Conley D. Kinnison D. Marsh A. K. Smith F. Vitt R. Garcia J.-F. Lamarque M. Mills S. Tilmes H. Morrison P. Cameron-Smith W. D. Collins M. J. Iacono R. C. Easter X. Liu S. J. Ghan P. J. Rasch M. A. Taylor Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 5.0). NCAR Technical Notes NCAR\/TN-486+ STR 1 1\u201312 (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00121.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00094.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2557.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.1995.9649539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019MS001916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00075.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020MS002223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-11-00201.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<2293:AVLFDC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-793-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.-T. Chen Supporting data for Instantaneous heating rate forcing differentiates tropical high-cloud adjustments across greenhouse gases. Zenodo 10.5281\/zenodo.20549680 (2026); https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/20549681.","DOI":"10.22541\/essoar.15001792\/v1"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef7462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:58:51Z","timestamp":1790791131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef7462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aef7462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aef7462","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/essoar.15001792\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaef7462"}}