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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-entropy alloy nanostructures (HEA-NSs) hold promise in advanced catalysis and materials science, but lack a robust and universal synthetic strategy designed at an atomic level. Here, femtosecond lasers are used to prepare HEA-NSs, from single atoms to 100 nm nanoparticles, either free-standing or supported on a variety of substrates. Ultrafast excitation enables precise control over electron dynamics and instantaneously formed solvated electrons induce rapid, nonselective ion reduction \u223c100 picoseconds post-irradiation, followed by stochastic atom nucleation and formation of atomically dispersed HEA-NSs through diffusion-controlled dynamics beyond nanoseconds. These processes are governed by the spatiotemporal confinement effect (STCE), with atomic diffusion restricted within nanoseconds, thereby enabling kinetic trapping of metastable nanoclusters with strict atomic-level dispersity. As a demonstration, FeCoNiRuPt achieved a peak power density of 2.1 W\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Femtosecond lasers are robust and effective tools for the universal preparation of difficult-to-synthesize metastable nanoparticles by controlling electron dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aef9030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:04:04Z","timestamp":1789754644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Universal synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanostructures with femtosecond lasers"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8960-308X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zikang","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Micro\/Nano-Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, 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