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Key chemical factors are revealed by imaging 16 luster cross sections with different micro- and nanoanalytical methods, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Ag L\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -, Cu-, and Fe K-edge micro x-ray absorption spectroscopy (\u03bc-XAS), micro x-ray diffraction (\u03bc-XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FIB-FE-SEM). These factors connect together (i) the Cu\/Ag ratio; (ii) the Cu, Ag, and Fe speciation; (iii) the nature, size, and concentration of metallic nanoparticles; and (iv) the luster color. Notably, the Cu\/Ag ratio balances the competitive reactions between Ag\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduction and Cu\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    disproportionation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeg5529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:58:47Z","timestamp":1788976727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shedding light on the formation mechanisms of Islamic polychrome lusters: A Cu, Fe, Ag micro XANES study"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-1898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruth","family":"Sadurn\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTECH, Departament de F\u00edsica, CCEM, Campus Diagonal-Bes\u00f2s, Av. 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