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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    How much arboreality characterized the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    locomotor repertoire and how this differed from early\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    are vigorously debated. Most previous studies rely on traits of uncertain functional significance or are constrained by sampling concerns. Bone shaft strength is plastic and reflects in vivo mechanical loading. Because interlimb bone strength proportions among living apes correlate with arboreality, they are ideal contributors to this debate. We present the most comprehensive analysis yet of relative limb shaft strengths in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and early\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by adding two individuals [StW 573, \u223c3.67 million years ago (Ma); and D3901\/D4167\/D4507, \u223c1.77 to 1.81 Ma]. We show that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    individuals of varying body sizes spanning at least 0.5 Ma exhibit African ape\u2013like interlimb strength proportions, indicating frequent arboreal behavior, and that the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    lower limb exhibits human-like intralimb strength proportions. In contrast, early\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    individuals are human-like in both strength proportions, reflecting fundamentally different selective pressures favoring terrestrial bipedalism and an unambiguous departure from arboreality by \u223c1.8 Ma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeh1752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:02:56Z","timestamp":1789581776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proportional limb strengths signal an adaptive shift in arboreality in early human evolution"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-9680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristian J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA."},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-1359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Loring","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteology and Paleoanthropology Department, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-074X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam D.","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Jashashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, OncoBiobank Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA."},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA."},{"name":"Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-4748","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason L.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA."},{"name":"Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong National Museum, Pretoria 0001, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis R.","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa."},{"name":"Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong National Museum, Pretoria 0001, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8819-5118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren","family":"Sarringhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-0542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9363-5966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Beaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Pal\u00e9ontologie, \u00c9volution, Pal\u00e9o\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et Pal\u00e9oprimatologie, University of Poitiers, Poitiers 86000, France."},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK."},{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology, and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-1748","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robin H.","family":"Crompton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology and Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5018-6894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. 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