{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:50:50Z","timestamp":1791399050378,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"41","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["427377618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["427377618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Saint-Petersburg State University","award":["25022803069-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25022803069-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023znxa73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrate the self-polarization regime of nuclear spins, originally predicted in 1972 by Dyakonov and Perel and achieved here by lattice temperature reduction into the millikelvin range. We first identify a gallium arsenide-based quantum well structure as highly suited by demonstrating a high nuclear spin polarization, corresponding to an Overhauser field of 3.1\u00a0tesla, using optical spin pumping at 1.6-kelvin lattice temperature. Here, adiabatic demagnetization leads to a nuclear spin temperature of 6.4 microkelvins, detected by time-resolved Kerr rotation. By measuring polarized photoluminescence and entering the lattice temperature regime below 500 millikelvins, a sharp zero-field feature in the Hanle electron spin depolarization curve evidences the dynamic nuclear self-polarization under unpolarized optical excitation. The self-polarization results in ultralow nuclear spin temperatures, which we estimate to become as low as 200 nanokelvins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeh7568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:58:33Z","timestamp":1791395913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic self-polarization of the nuclear spins in a GaAs quantum well"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-5051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mladen","family":"Kotur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5473-8383","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dennis","family":"Kudlacik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-0393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nataliia E.","family":"Kopteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-2115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erik","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-2745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitri R.","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0047-5706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirill V.","family":"Kavokin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-5949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manfred","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."},{"name":"Research Center FEMS, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.76.323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.85.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-020-01161-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.4.010323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45364-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-021-00681-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"F. Meier B. P. Zakharchenya Eds. Optical Orientation (North-Holland 1984)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. I. Dyakonov Ed. Spin Physics in Semiconductors (Springer International Publishing AG 2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65436-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.76.045218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Abragam The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism (Oxford Univ. Press 1961).","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1937646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"M. I. D\u2019yakonov V. I. Perel\u2019 Cooling of a system of nuclear spins following optical orientation of electrons in semiconductors Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 68 1514 (1975) [Sov. Phys. JETP 41 759 (1975)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"M. Goldman Spin Temperature and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solids (Clarendon Press 1970)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"I. A. Merkulov Phase transition in a nuclear spin system in a semiconductor with optically oriented electrons Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 82 319 (1982) [Sov. Phys. JETP 55 188 (1982)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/p88-019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1130450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.205207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.69.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"M. I. D\u2019yakonov V. I. Perel\u2019 Dynamic self-polarization of nuclei in solids Pis\u2019ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 16 563 (1972) [JETP Lett. 16 398 (1972)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.96.201303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.20.491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.76.3224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. R. Yakovlev M. Bayer Coherent spin dynamics of carriers in Spin Physics in Semiconductors M. I. Dyakonov Ed. (Springer International Publishing AG 2017) chap. 6 pp. 155\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65436-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.44.11345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/324\/1\/012002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.096804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.026806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.041301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.15.5780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.108.235204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.155305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.109.195302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"S. Matsuki \u201cDynamic nuclear self-polarization (DYNASP) of In in semiconductor InP \u201d JAERI Conference Proceeding (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute 2005) pp. 123\u2013127."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2013.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. L. Korenev Dynamic self-polarization of nuclei in low-dimensional systems Pis\u2019ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 70 124 (1999) [JETP Lett. 70 129 (1999)].","DOI":"10.1134\/1.568141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.256405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.036602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.205304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.65.125301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01331827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"M. I. D\u2019yakonov V. I. Perel\u2019 V. L. Berkovits V. I. Safarov Optical effects due to polarization of nuclei in semiconductors Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 67 1912 (1974) [Sov. Phys. JETP 40 950 (1975)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"V. K. Kalevich V. D. Kulkov V. G. Fleisher Onset of a nuclear polarization front due to optical spin orien tation in a semiconductor Pis\u2019ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 35 17 (1982) [JETP Lett. 35 20 (1982)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0021364014010068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"V. K. Kalevich V. L. Korenev O. M. Fedorova Optical polarization of nuclei in GaAs\/AlGaAs quantum well structures Pis\u2019ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 52 964 (1990) [JETP Lett. 52 349 (1990)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"I. A. Merkulov V. G. Fleisher \u201cOptical orientation of the coupled electron-nuclear spin system of a semiconductor \u201d in Optical Orientation F. Meier B. P. Zakharchenya Eds. (North-Holland 1984) chap. 5 pp. 137\u2013207."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. K. Kalevich K. V. Kavokin I. A. Merkulov M. R. Vladimirova \u201cDynamic nuclear polarization and nuclear fields \u201d in Spin Physics in Semiconductors M. I. Dyakonov Ed. (Springer International Publishing AG 2017) chap. 12 pp. 387\u2013430.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65436-2_12"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeh7568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1791396020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeh7568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aeh7568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeh7568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaeh7568"}}