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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Adenosine 5\u2032-triphosphate\u2013dependent switch\/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI\/SNF)\u2013family chromatin remodelers regulate genome accessibility by repositioning nucleosomes, yet how these complexes diversified across evolution while preserving a common remodeling mechanism has remained unresolved. Here, we determine cryo\u2013electron microscopy structures of the SWI\/SNF and RSC (remodels the structure of chromatin) complexes from the thermophilic fungus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chaetomium thermophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in apo and nucleosome-bound states, providing an evolutionarily informative structural bridge between budding yeast and metazoan remodelers. We show that SWI\/SNF-family complexes are built around a conserved mechanochemical core, whereas architectural and functional diversification is achieved through modular rewiring of peripheral regulatory elements. Despite extensive sequence divergence, several regulatory subunits preserve conserved structural motifs and occupy equivalent positions within the remodeler scaffold, revealing previously unrecognized structural relationships, including the ARP (actin-related protein)\u2013associated SMARCJ and QLQ-binding SMARCL proteins. Our findings establish a unifying framework for the evolution of SWI\/SNF-family remodelers and illustrate how large chromatin remodeling assemblies preserve catalytic cores while diversifying regulatory architecture across eukaryotes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aei0972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:02:56Z","timestamp":1789581776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural principles underlying the evolution of SWI\/SNF chromatin remodelers"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-6171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengsheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy 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Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9822-3426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China."},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1861-1413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chihang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and 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