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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Differences in lithology within alpine watersheds lead to strong contrasts in bedrock erodibility, which modulate climatic and tectonic influences on erosion, chemical weathering, and carbon dioxide exchange. However, the difficulty of measuring denudation rates in fine-grained rocks has limited our ability to quantify the magnitude of erodibility differences between weak sedimentary and strong igneous rocks. Here, we combine newly developed cosmogenic beryllium-10 measurements in shale with conventional beryllium-10 measurements in intrusive rocks, topographic analysis, solute data, and landscape evolution modeling in the East River watershed, Colorado. Shale-dominated catchments denude three times faster than adjacent intrusive catchments despite having gentler topography. Hydrochemical data and modeling indicate that elevated shale denudation enhances solute generation and net inorganic weathering\u2013driven carbon dioxide release during prolonged landscape adjustment over million-year timescales. These results show that spatial variability in rock type alone can substantially alter the carbon dioxide balance of alpine landscapes by hiding the fastest erosion rates in relatively gentle terrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aei9275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:59:24Z","timestamp":1792000764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bedrock erodibility governs transient erosion and CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    release in alpine landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9449-5881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eyal","family":"Marder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-4046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John R.","family":"Slosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Geological Sciences, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3094-4830","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac J.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-0044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xianmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-8478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Darryl E.","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-9402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Winnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3568-1155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, USA."},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-1425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Hidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"F03002","article-title":"Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California","volume":"109","author":"Duvall A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. Duvall, E. Kirby, D. Burbank, Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California. J. Geophys. Res. 109, F03002 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2025.119364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-10-513-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0058-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2025.165913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023WR036850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-6-505-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF004101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<1087:SARSCO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-11-979-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2025.119808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-8-447-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G50832.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0442-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2000)112<490:RIIBMA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-9-167-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr2610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G111A.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B30774.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90401-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk0957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. R. Bierman A. M. Bender A. J. Christ L. B. Corbett C. T. Halsted E. W. Portenga A. H. Schmidt \u201cDating by cosmogenic nuclides \u201d in Encyclopedia of Geology (Elsevier 2021) pp. 101\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102908-4.00124-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/qua.2024.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"D. L. Gaskill F. E. Mutschler J. H. Kramer J. A. Thomas S. G. Zahony Geologic Map of the Gothic Quadrangle Gunnison County Colorado (US Geological Survey 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2018.03.0061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00725-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"K. Williams C. Beutler W. Brown A. Newman D. O\u2019Ryan A. Shirley R. Versteeg Anion data for the East River watershed Colorado (2014-2025). 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Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem Watershed Function SFA (2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15485\/1868939."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G35136.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00293-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53205-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"PA1003","article-title":"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records","volume":"20","author":"Lisiecki L. E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"L. E. Lisiecki, M. E. Raymo, A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records. 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N. Green The Digital Geologic Map of Colorado in ARC\/INFO Format (US Geological Survey 1992).","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr92507DO"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj2479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JF004867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-2-1-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"T. Goulden B. Hass E. Brodie K. D. Chadwick N. Falco K. Maher H. Wainwright K. Williams NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files LiDAR Surface Elevation Terrain Elevation and Canopy Height Rasters (Watershed Function SFA 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JF007017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2025JF008753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-4-1-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"J. Stone \u201cExtraction of Al & Be from quartz for isotopic analysis \u201d University of Washington Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory website (2001); https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/cosmolab\/chem\/Al-26_Be-10.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","unstructured":"R. G. Ditchburn N. E. Whitehead \u201cThe separation of 10Be from silicates\u201d in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop of the South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association (SPERA). 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Marder J. Slosson I. Larsen X. Huang D. Granger M. Winnick K. Williams A. Hidy Denudation solute export landscape evolution modeling and geographic information system data for the East River watershed Colorado USA (2020-2024). 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