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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic pathogen that persists in biofilm-associated infections despite robust neutrophil recruitment. How\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    evades neutrophils remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms alter effector functions in human neutrophils and a murine wound infection model. We found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, bacterial engulfment, and neutrophil-mediated control of biofilm growth. This suppression is partly driven by production of lactic acid through the lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which acidifies the extracellular environment, lowers neutrophil intracellular pH, and disrupts glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. In a murine wound infection model, loss of LDH increased neutrophil recruitment and NETosis\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We also found that high bacterial density, a defining feature of biofilms, suppresses NETosis through a lactic acid\u2013independent mechanism. Collectively, these findings identify biofilm immune evasion strategies mediated by bacterial metabolism and the high-density structural organization of biofilm-associated bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aej4153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1792605702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>\n                    biofilm rewires neutrophil metabolism to suppress antimicrobial activity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-7899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haris","family":"Antypas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 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