{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:30:09Z","timestamp":1791052209726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5546","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We studied the underlying neural mechanism of a simple choice behavior between competing alternatives in\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            . In a flight simulator, individual flies were conditioned to choose one of two flight paths in response to color and shape cues; after the training, they were tested with contradictory cues. Wild-type flies made a discrete choice that switched from one alternative to the other as the relative salience of color and shape cues gradually changed, but this ability was greatly diminished in mutant (\n            <jats:italic>\n              mbm\n              <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            ) flies with miniature mushroom bodies or with hydroxyurea ablation of mushroom bodies. Thus,\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            genetics may be useful for elucidating the neural basis of choice behavior.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:47:15Z","timestamp":1027763235000},"page":"1543-1547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Choice Behavior of\n            <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n            Facing Contradictory Visual Cues"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"294","author":[{"given":"Shiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aike","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China."},{"name":"Laboratory of Visual Information Processing, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/35049054","volume":"2","author":"Schall J. D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schall J. D., Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2, 33 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6294833"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.407","volume":"21","author":"Dubnau J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dubnau J., Tully T., Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21, 407 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/382458a0","volume":"382","author":"Giurfa M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Giurfa M., Eichmann B., Menzel R., Nature 382, 458 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/23456","volume":"400","author":"Liu L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liu L., Wolf R., Ernst R., Heisenberg M., Nature 400, 753 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"The flight simulator and the operant conditioning procedure have been described (15\u201317). A single fly was fixed to a torque meter to measure its yaw torque placed in the center of a vertical rotating arena (which was illuminated from behind) and allowed to control the angular velocity of the arena with its own yaw torque by a negative feedback mechanism. This arrangement allows the tethered fly to stabilize and choose its flight orientation with respect to the arena by adjusting its yaw torque. The angular position (i.e. the fly's flight orientation with respect to the visual landmarks) of the arena was detected and stored continuously in a computer for later evaluation of the flight behavior. The arena was divided into four quadrants with the visual patterns at their respective centers. For conditioning a beam of infrared light controlled by a computer-driven electric shutter was directed at the fly as an instantaneous source of heat whenever the fly was heading into a quadrant with a particular pattern for association and was intercepted when the fly oriented toward a different pattern not for association. During the tests before and after the training the heat was switched off. Measurements of flight behavior were normally made during three sessions: The pretraining session comprised three consecutive 2-min test blocks during which the fly flew in a closed loop without heat application. The standard training session consisted of two consecutive 4-min training blocks spaced by one 2-min test block. The posttraining test session consisted of four consecutive 2-min test blocks during which heat was switched off and the trained fly was tested with either original cues or altered cues or both. Flight behavior was evaluated by the preference index defined as PI = ( t 1 \u2013 t 2 )\/( t 1 + t 2 ) with t 1 and t 2 indicating the time the fly spent fixating to the quadrant without heat and with heat application respectively."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"The color T-patterns were printed on inkjet transparency films with a color printer (Epson PHOTO710). The transmission of color films was calibrated quantitatively with a spectrophotometer (Cary 5E). For convenience we have defined a color intensity (CI) scale from 1 to 0 which corresponds linearly to color brightness (CB) from 0.5 to 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011331","volume":"256","author":"Harris W. A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Harris W. A., Stark W. S., Walker J. A., J. Physiol. (London) 256, 415 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Heisenberg R. Wolf Vision in Drosophila (Springer- Verlag Berlin 1984).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69936-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.37501","volume":"8","author":"___","year":"2001","unstructured":"___, Brembs B., Learn. Mem. 8, 1 (2001).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"195","volume":"14","author":"Dujardin F.","year":"1850","unstructured":"Dujardin F., Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 14, 195 (1850).","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.5.1.11","volume":"5","author":"Strausfeld N. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Strausfeld N. J., et al., Learn. Mem. 5, 11 (1998).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8303280","volume":"263","author":"De Belle J. S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"De Belle J. S., Heisenberg M., Science 263, 692 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"The P-GAL4 line OK107 was crossed to UAS-GFP (GFP green fluorescent protein). The MBs in brains from the resultant progeny can be visualized directly by GFP fluorescence (18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194898","volume":"169","author":"Wolf R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wolf R., Heisenberg M., J. Comp. Physiol. A 169, 699 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.3.1.49","volume":"3","author":"Guo A. K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guo A. K., et al., Learn. Mem. 3, 49 (1996).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.4.4.318","volume":"4","author":"Wolf R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wolf R., Heisenberg M., Learn. Mem. 4, 319 (1997).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"We thank M. Heisenberg for helpful communication and for providing WTB and mbm 1 flies; K. Goetz and R. Wolf for help with the flight simulator; W. Xi S. Y. Xu and Y. Z. Ye for assistance in some experiments; and M.-m. Poo for comments and discussion. Supported by the National Science Foundation of China (grants 39770187 and 69835020) the Multidisciplinary Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Major State Basic Research Program (grant G2000077800)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1058237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:01:22Z","timestamp":1704837682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1058237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5546","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1058237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1058237","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,16]]}}}