{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:43:18Z","timestamp":1791261798852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5534","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human lateral occipital complex (LOC) has been implicated in object recognition, but it is unknown whether this region represents low-level image features or perceived object shape. We used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation paradigm in which the response to pairs of successively presented stimuli is lower when they are identical than when they are different. Adaptation across a change between the two stimuli in a pair provides evidence for a common neural representation invariant to that change. We found adaptation in the LOC when perceived shape was identical but contours differed, but not when contours were identical but perceived shape differed. These data indicate that the LOC represents not simple image features, but rather higher level shape information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:53:24Z","timestamp":1027749204000},"page":"1506-1509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":722,"title":["Representation of Perceived Object Shape by the Human Lateral Occipital Complex"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Zoe","family":"Kourtzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen 72076, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Kanwisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital\u2013Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MGH-NMR) Center, Charlestown, MA 02128, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(96)00041-9","volume":"5","author":"Kanwisher N.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kanwisher N., Chun M. M., McDermott J., Ledden P. J., Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 5, 55 (1996).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/77754","volume":"3","author":"Grill-Spector K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grill-Spector K., Kushnir T., Hendler T., Malach R., Nature Neurosci. 3, 837 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80526-7","volume":"21","author":"Grill-Spector K.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grill-Spector K., Kushnir T., Edelman S., Itzchak Y., Malach R., Neuron 21, 191 (1998).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-19-08560.1999","volume":"19","author":"Mendola J. D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mendola J. D., Dale A. M., Fischl B., Liu A. K., Tootell R. B. H., J. Neurosci. 19, 8560 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03310.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80456-0","volume":"20","author":"Buckner R. L.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buckner R. L., et al., Neuron 20, 285 (1998).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1962197"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80832-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.773"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"For each experiment the subjects were run on four event-related scans. The event-related scans consisted of one epoch of experimental trials and two 8-s fixation epochs one at the beginning and one at the end of the scan. Each scan contained 25 experimental trials for each of the four conditions plus 25 fixation trials for a total of 125 trials per scan. A new trial began every 3 s and consisted of a pair of images presented sequentially. Each stimulus was presented for 300 ms with a blank interval of 400 ms between stimuli and a blank interval of 2 s after the second stimulus. Previous human fMRI (6) and neurophysiological studies (8 29 30) have reported adaptation effects for short-stimulus presentations similar to the ones used in the current studies. Specific stimuli were counterbalanced across conditions such that each specific stimulus appeared equally often in each condition. Thus differences in the response between conditions were due to the relation between the two images in a pair and not due to the stimuli used in each condition. As reported previously (6) the order of presentation was counterbalanced so that trials from each condition including the fixation condition were preceded equally often by trials from each of the other conditions for two trials back. Subjects were instructed to passively view the images while fixating. Twelve students from the University of Tuebingen participated in experiments 1 and 2 in the same session. The data from two subjects in experiment 2 were excluded owing to excessive head movement. For all the experiments scanning was done on the 1.5-T Siemens scanner at the University Clinic in Tuebingen Germany. A gradient echo pulse sequence [repetition time (TR) = 2 s for the scans used to localize medial temporal\/medial the LOC and the early visual areas; TR = 1 s for the event-related scans echo time (TE) = 40 ms] was used. Eleven near coronal slices (parallel to the brainstem 5 mm thick with 3.00 mm by 3.00 mm in-plane resolution) were collected with a head coil. The data were analyzed with BrainVoyager 4.3 software."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Because of the hemodynamic lag in the blood oxygenation level\u2013dependent (BOLD) fMRI response differences between conditions (as well as the peak in overall response) are expected to occur at a lag of several seconds after stimulus onset (31). To find the latencies where any adaptation effects occurred we performed an analysis of variance in each experiment with factors of Shape Condition and Time point (measurements made at latencies of 0 through 10 s after trial onset). A significant main effect of Shape Condition {experiment 1 [ F (3 297) = 16.7 P < 0.001]; experiment 2 [ F (3 297) = 4.4 P < 0.01]} and significant interactions between Shape Condition and Time (10 time points) for each experiment {experiment 1 [ F (30 297) = 1.5 P < 0.05]; experiment 2 [ F (30 297) = 1.6 P < 0.05]} verified that adaptation occurred and that it varied with latency. Follow-up contrast analyses performed separately on each time point tested for a significantly lower response for the Identical compared with the Completely Different conditions. This adaptation effect was found for each experiment only for time point 4 {experiment 1 [ F (1 27) = 5.3 P < 0.05]; experiment 2 [ F (1 27) = 19.1 P < 0.001]} time point 5 {experiment 1 [ F (1 27) = 5.3 P < 0.05]; experiment 2 [ F (1 27) = 10.3 P < 0.01]} and time point 6 {experiment 1 [ F (1 27) = 4.5 P < 0.05]; experiment 2 [ F (1 27) = 4.3 P < 0.05]} but not for the onset of a trial i.e. time point 0 {experiment 1 [ F (1 27) < 1 P = 0.73]; experiment 2 [ F (1 27) = 1.1 P = 0.31]}. The average of the response at time points 4 5 and 6 was therefore taken as the measure of response magnitude for each condition in subsequent analyses. To exclude any possible baseline effects we subtracted the responses at time point 0 from the mean peak response (across time points 4 5 and 6) for the corresponding condition. The same statistical results were found when the response at time point 0 was not subtracted from the mean peak response. To determine whether the critical condition in each experiment showed any significant adaptation at all we compared the mean peak response of the critical condition with that of the Completely Different condition in a planned contrast test. To determine whether adaptation effects in the critical condition were weaker than the maximal adaptation possible we compared the mean peak response of the critical condition with that of the Identical condition in a second planned contrast in each experiment. Note that all of the effects reported in this paper also reached significance in an independent replication of both experiments 1 and 2 on an additional 10 subjects (32)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1068\/p180055","volume":"18","author":"Nakayama K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nakayama K., Shimojo S., Silverman G. 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Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04207.1996","volume":"16","author":"Boynton G. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Boynton G. M., Engel S. A., Glover G. H., Heeger D. J., J. Neurosci. 16, 4207 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"Z. Kourtzi N. Kanwisher unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","unstructured":"We thank B. Anderson P. Cavanagh P. Downing K. Grill-Spector Y. Jiang K. Nakayama M. Potter J. Rubin and L. Spelke for comments on the manuscript. We also thank M. Shuman and members of the MGH-NMR Center and the University Clinics T\u00fcbingen for technical assistance and support. Supported by McDonnell-Pew grant 3944900 (Z.K.) and NEI grant EY13455 (N.K.)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1061133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T17:10:56Z","timestamp":1704820256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1061133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5534","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1061133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1061133","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1000202.5203","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,24]]}}}