{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T05:35:16Z","timestamp":1792128916385,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5538","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The dendritic arbor of pyramidal neurons is not a monolithic structure. We show here that the excitability of terminal apical dendrites differs from that of the apical trunk. In response to fluorescence-guided focal photolysis of caged glutamate, individual terminal apical dendrites generated cadmium-sensitive all-or-none responses that were subthreshold for somatic action potentials. Calcium transients produced by all-or-none responses were not restricted to the sites of photolysis, but occurred throughout individual distal dendritic compartments, indicating that electrogenesis is mediated primarily by voltage-gated calcium channels. Compartmentalized and binary behavior of parallel-connected terminal dendrites can greatly expand the computational power of a single neuron.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:39:52Z","timestamp":1027748392000},"page":"2272-2275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Compartmentalized and Binary Behavior of Terminal Dendrites in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Dong-Sheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Ai","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Bagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P. Y.","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA."},{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cha-Min","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"},{"name":"Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5492.739"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.19.030196.001121","volume":"19","author":"Johnston D.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johnston D., Magee J. 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Press Oxford 1999) pp. 271\u2013289."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"P. A. Rhodes in Cerebral Cortex P.\u2009S. Ulinski Ed. (Kluwer Academic\/Plenum New York 1999) vol. 13 chap. 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"C.-M. Tang Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"The 351- to 364-nm output of an argon ion laser or the output of a weak 532-nm targeting laser were launched into a 100-\u03bcm-diameter optical fiber. The exit end of the optical fiber is projected onto a conjugate of the field diaphragm plane along the epifluorescence path of the microscope with a relay lens system and a dichroic mirror. The relay lens system was designed to compensate for the chromatic aberration of the water-dipping objective so that the ultraviolet (UV) and visible illumination were focused on the same plane. It was also specifically designed to create a homogenously illuminated spot 10 to 12 \u03bcm in diameter rather than a small spot with a gaussian distributed light intensity. Cells were patch-clamped with pipettes containing the long-wavelength fluorescent dye Alexa 594 (100 \u03bcM) to allow visualization of the fine terminal branches with minimal inadvertent photolysis of the caged glutamate (\u03b3-CNB-glutamate or N -Nmoc-glutamate) (22) or caged NMDA (\u03b2-CNB-NMDA). The light from the visible laser is used to \u201cpaint\u201d the target site of photolysis without inducing photolysis or phototoxicity. The amount of free glutamate photoreleased was controlled by varying the UV laser pulse duration. Terminal dendritic segments arising either from the distal apical tuft or oblique branches were studied."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Hippocampal slice cultures were prepared from 5- to 7-day-old rat pups (15). After >14 days in vitro whole-cell recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells using pipettes containing 135 mM KCH 3 SO 3 10 mM Hepes 10 mM NaCl 1 mM MgCl 2 0.1 mM K 4 BAPTA 2 mM Mg 2+ -ATP and 10 mM phosphocreatine buffered to pH 7.3 with KOH. Inclusion of 10 mM K 4 BAPTA was compensated by reduction of KCH 3 SO 3 to 100 mM. TTX (1 \u03bcM) was used in most experiments. Exceptions include results describe in Fig. 1 B and C. For Ca 2+ imaging no BAPTA was included in the pipette solution. The extracellular saline contained 145 mM NaCl 3 mM KCl 10 mM Hepes 2 mM CaCl 2 1 mM MgCl 2 10 mM glucose and 0.1 mM glycine. Trolox (250 to 500 \u03bcM) was included to reduce photooxidative damage. All experiments were performed at room temperature. Biolistic transfection of 12- to 14-day-old cultures with DNA encoding enhanced GFP was performed with the Helios Gene-gun (23). Cells were imaged with a confocal microscope 2 to 3 days after transfection."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"B. H. G\u00e4hwiler S. M. Thompson E. Audinat R. T. Robertson in Culturing Nerve Cells G. Banker K. Goslin Eds. (MIT Press Cambridge MA 1991) pp. 379\u2013411."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Fluo-3 was used as the calcium indicator because it undergoes a large increase in fluorescence upon binding Ca 2+ and because of its moderate K d . Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide was included in order to image the dendrites. A relatively high concentration of Fluo-3 (0.5 to 1 mM) was used to optimize detection of calcium transients in the thin terminal dendrites. Use of high concentrations of calcium indicators allows for more reliable detection of calcium influx (24) but slows the decay of the calcium transient. This strategy is well suited for these experiments where spatial resolution is more important than temporal resolution. A back-thinned Quantix CCD (charge-coupled device) camera was used in conjunction with IPLab image acquisition software to capture the calcium transients."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.2129","volume":"69","author":"Maccaferri G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maccaferri G., Mangoni M., Lazzari A., DiFrancesco D., J. Neurophysiol. 69, 2129 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"J. C. Magee in (10) pp. 139\u2013160."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8789","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-20-08789.1999","volume":"19","author":"Golding N. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golding N. L., Jung H. Y., Mickus T., Spruston N., J. Neurosci. 19, 8789 (1999).","journal-title":"J. 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NIH (C.-M.T. and J.P.Y.K.) and University of Maryland Bressler Fund (S.M.T.) for financial support."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1061198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T16:54:51Z","timestamp":1704819291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1061198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5538","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1061198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1061198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,21]]}}}