{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1791027945812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5558","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the neural mechanisms controlling head posture and why they fail in clinical syndromes like torticollis. It is well established, however, that the brain controls eye position by integrating eye velocity commands. By electrically stimulating and reversibly inactivating midbrain sites in the head-free (nonimmobilized) monkey, we found that the interstitial nucleus of Cajal functions as a neural integrator for head posture. We suggest that a bilateral imbalance in this structure, through either direct damage or inappropriate input, could be one of the mechanisms underlying torticollis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:35:18Z","timestamp":1027762518000},"page":"1314-1316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Midbrain Control of Three-Dimensional Head Orientation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Eliana M.","family":"Klier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York Centre for Vision Research and Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology &amp; Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York Centre for Vision Research and Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology &amp; Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina G.","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York Centre for Vision Research and Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology &amp; Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Douglas","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York Centre for Vision Research and Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology &amp; Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.2.927"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90169-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64520-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"R. H. Schor R. E. Kearney N. Dieringer in Control of Head Movement B. W. Peterson F. J. Richmond Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press New York NY 1988) pp. 141\u2013166."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2833"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/88450"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. A. Robinson in The Control of Eye Movements P. Bach-y-Rita C. C. Collins J. E. Hyde Eds. (Academic Press New York 1971) pp. 519\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-071050-8.50025-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.5.1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2047862"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050359"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(87)90016-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.12.030189.000341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02719.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"This method requires three orthogonal magnetic fields generating three signals in each of two search coils per eye\/head. The resulting signals are converted into quaternions which give the torsional vertical and horizontal components of rotation from reference position to any other position."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90130-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"J. A. Buttner-Ennever U. Buttner in Neuroanatomy of the Oculomotor System J. A. Buttner-Ennever Ed. (Elsevier Amsterdam 1988) pp. 137\u2013138 149\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.4.1760"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Tungsten microelectrodes were used to delivered pulse trains of (50 \u03bcA 200 Hz) 300 ms."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"The largest head responses were evoked along the midline oculomotor region. Head responses were also evoked in an additional 34 midline sites within the more anterior riMLF (rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus) region. riMLF stimulation produced similar effects but had different unit responses and little or no head nystagmus during muscimol injections."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"This torsion was corrected by subsequent self-induced head movements which included a torsional component that brought the head back to a natural position."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"We first computed the velocity of drift as a function of head position along each dimension. The inverse of these values was then taken to obtain the time constant of drift."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"Web fig. 1 is available on Science Online at www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/295\/5558\/1314\/DC1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"To quantify the orientation ranges of the head we used the same method applied previously to torticollis patients. Second-order surface fits were made to head quaternions with the following formula for a quaternion ( q ): q 1 = a 1 + a 2 q 2 + a 3 q 3 + a 4 ( q 2 ) 2 + 2 a 5 q 2 q 3 + a 6 ( q 3 ) 2 where q 1 is the torsional q 2 is the vertical and q 3 is the horizontal component. The thicknesses of these surfaces are then computed as the torsional standard deviation of the individual data points from the fit. The final torsional scatter of the head orientation ranges from their ideal fits was not significantly different in the postinjection data (4.19\u00b0 \u00b1 0.38\u00b0 SE) as compared with preinjection behavioral controls (4.59\u00b0 \u00b1 0.36\u00b0 SE) ( P > 0.519). In addition the characteristic twists of these surfaces ( a 5 ) were not significantly different between controls and either M1 ( P > 0.507) M2 ( P > 0.523) or M3 ( P > 0.945). These results are identical to those reported for torticollis patients."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.6.2840"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199803000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"For example damage to other centers implicated in torticollis such as the basal ganglia could produce torticollis by failing to send properly balanced inputs to the INC. If so we would predict that damage to these areas would produce torticollis without the drift or nystagmus observed here."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"An imbalance in a horizontal head position integrator presumably centralized in some other brainstem structure could similarly explain the stronger horizontal deviations seen in some patients."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"The authors thank D. Angelaki L. R. Harris J. C. Martinez-Trujillo and W. P. Medendorp for comments on the manuscript and W. P. Medendorp for generously providing his head-caricature Matlab program. Experimental support was provided by a Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR) operating grant and the CIHR Fund for Research in the Fields of Dyskinesia and Torticollis. E.M.K. was supported by Canadian Natural Sciences and an Engineering Research Council Scholarship and an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. J.D.C. is a Canada Research Chair."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1067300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:26:05Z","timestamp":1704839165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1067300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5558","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1067300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1067300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,15]]}}}