{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:44:03Z","timestamp":1791229443107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5569","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The sequences of the human chromosomes 21 and 22 indicate that there are approximately 770 well-characterized and predicted genes. In this study, empirically derived maps identifying active areas of RNA transcription on these chromosomes have been constructed with the use of cytosolic polyadenylated RNA obtained from 11 human cell lines. Oligonucleotide arrays containing probes spaced on average every 35 base pairs along these chromosomes were used. When compared with the sequence annotations available for these chromosomes, it is noted that as much as an order of magnitude more of the genomic sequence is transcribed than accounted for by the predicted and characterized exons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:54:32Z","timestamp":1027749272000},"page":"916-919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":690,"title":["Large-Scale Transcriptional Activity in Chromosomes 21 and 22"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kapranov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon E.","family":"Cawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorg","family":"Drenkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bekiranov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Strausberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P. A.","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Gingeras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/LocusLink\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"2012","volume":"287","author":"Rubin G. M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rubin G. M., et al., Science 287, 2012 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056794"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Wright F. A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wright F. A., et al., Genome Biol. 2, 1 (2001).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. J. Lipshutz et al. 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Genet. 55, A10 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.6.789","volume":"5","author":"Gong W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gong W., et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 789 (1996).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/990031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35012518"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Best in genome alignments of RefSeq GenBank mRNA annotated as having complete CDS sequences and Sanger annotations have been combined to form the set of \u201cknown exons.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"We calculate the fraction of positive probe pairs as the number of probe pairs defined as positive using R = 1.5 and D = 12Q (where Q is an estimate of chip-wide noise as computed by the Affymetrix GeneChip software) in at least 8 of 11 cell lines divided by the number of interrogating probe pairs in nonoverlapping 57 kb windows for both chromosomes 21 and 22."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.143101","volume":"11","author":"Edelmann L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edelmann L., et al., Genome Res. 11, 208 (2001).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"RT-PCR procedure was carried out using the C. therm. Polymerase One-Step RT-PCR System (Roche Indianapolis IN). The RT-PCR procedure used 10 to 50 ng of cytosolic poly (A) + RNA following the manufacturer's instructions. TaqGold polymerase (Applied Biosystems Foster City CA) was used to amplify putative transcripts from plasmid cDNA libraries (200 ng per reaction) following the manufacturer's instructions. At least 40 cycles of amplification were required to see the products. PCR products were cloned in pCR4-TOPO vector (Invitrogen Carlsbad CA) or sequenced directly."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000913","volume":"58","author":"Erdmann V. A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erdmann V. A., et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 960 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00099-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.11.2943"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"www.sanger.ac.uk\/HGP\/Chr22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"We thank E. Schell X.-M. Zhu and M. Mittmann for design of photolithographic masks; G. Helt for implementation of mapping browser; A. Lau for assistance with figure preparation; M. Budarf for helpful discussions and cell lines; J. Corbeil and D. D. Richman for use of radiographic facilities and donation of two cell lines; L. Hong for cDNA libraries; and A. Lash J. Thierry-Mieg D. Thierry-Mieg L. Wagner N. Bhat and L. Grouse for advice and guidance. Support for this work was provided by NCI\/SAIC contract 21XS019A and by Affymetrix Inc."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1068597","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T21:21:03Z","timestamp":1704835263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1068597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5569","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1068597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1068597","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1006271.78456","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1006271.81655","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,3]]}}}