{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:26:54Z","timestamp":1791404814450,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5561","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Parasitic filarial nematodes infect more than 200 million individuals worldwide, causing debilitating inflammatory diseases such as river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Using a murine model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes were injected into the corneal stroma, we demonstrated that the predominant inflammatory response in the cornea was due to species of endosymbiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria. In addition, the inflammatory response induced by these bacteria was dependent on expression of functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on host cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:35:18Z","timestamp":1027748118000},"page":"1892-1895","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["The Role of Endosymbiotic\n                    <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of River Blindness"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Ame\u0301lie v. Saint","family":"Andre\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie R.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert W.","family":"Brattig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy G.","family":"Hise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Lass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Diaconu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Pearlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01533-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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Microbes Infect. 2 1147 (2000).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01269-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Corneas were examined in vivo by scanning confocal microscopy and stromal thickness and haze values were calculated from intensity profiles generated by CMTF at 60 frames\/s a lens speed of 160 mm\/s and constant gain ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"2945","volume":"41","author":"Li J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li J., Jester J. V., Cavanagh H. D., Black T. D., Petroll W. M., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 2945 (2000).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"A. v. Saint Andr\u00e9 et al. data not shown."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.16.10689"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Hoshino et al. J. Immunol. 162 3749 (1999).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Poltorak et al. Science 282 2085 (1998).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6795"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.919"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4970","volume":"163","author":"Hall L. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall L. R., Lass J. H., Diaconu E., Strine E. R., Pearlman E., J. Immunol. 163, 4970 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Pearlman et al. J. Exp. Med. 182 931 (1995).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.4.931"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Corneas were abraded by using a 30-gauge needle and 1 \u03bcg of extract in 5 \u03bcl of saline was injected directly into the corneal stroma. Preliminary studies indicated that this was the optimal protein concentration for CMTF analysis and that 24 hours after injection was the optimal time point to examine unimmunized mice. For Fig. 3 animals were immunized subcutaneously with 3 weekly injections of 10 \u03bcg of extract in squalene adjuvant as described (17) ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"P. I. Song et al. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. 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Bianco Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; final concentration 8 mg\/ml) rabbit anti-eosinophil major basic protein (1:5000 provided by J. Lee Mayo Clinic Scottsdale AZ) or anti\u2013PECAM-1 (MEC13.3; BD-Pharmingen CA). Sections were then incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate\u2013conjugated anti-rat or anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (Vector Laboratories Burlingame CA) and examined by fluorescent microscopy. Cells were counted either throughout the corneal section or in representative 200\u00d7 fields. Images of limbal vessels were captured with a Scion digital camera apparatus (Olympus) and PECAM-1 expression was determined by image analysis (Adobe Photoshop)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"For KC and MIP-2 ELISAs corneas were dissected suspended in 400 ml of RPMI 1640 medium and sonicated for 90 s at 50 cycles\/s (Sonics VibraCell Danbury CT). After centrifugation the concentration of cytokines in supernatants was determined by two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D Systems Minneapolis MN)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"Supported by the National Institutes of Health grants EY10320 (E.P.) and EY11373 (J.H.L.) German National Merit Foundation Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (A.v.S.A.) European Union INCO-DEV grant ICA4-CT-1999-10002 (A.H.) German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) grant Ho2009\/1-3 (A.H.) Wellcome Trust grant 047176 (M.J.T.) Fight for Sight (N.M.B.) and Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation (J.H.L.)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1068732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:31:06Z","timestamp":1704839466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1068732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5561","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1068732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1068732","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1004975.73806","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1004975.70505","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1004975.58708","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1004975.58159","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,8]]}}}