{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1790919552734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5589","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes the death of macrophages, which may allow it to avoid detection by the innate immune system. We found that\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    lethal factor (LF) selectively induces apoptosis of activated macrophages by cleaving the amino-terminal extension of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MKKs) that activate p38 MAPKs. Because macrophages that are deficient in transcription factor nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB) are also sensitive to activation-induced death and p38 is required for expression of certain NF-\u03baB target genes, p38 is probably essential for synergistic induction of those NF-\u03baB target genes that prevent apoptosis of activated macrophages. This dismantling of the p38 MAPK module represents a strategy used by\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to paralyze host innate immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,19]],"date-time":"2002-09-19T17:22:20Z","timestamp":1032456140000},"page":"2048-2051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":394,"title":["Macrophage Apoptosis by Anthrax Lethal Factor Through p38 MAP Kinase Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Jin Mo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian R.","family":"Greten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Karin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01507-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60433-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/n35101999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.21.3369"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061031898"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"446","volume":"44","author":"Keppie J.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Keppie J., Harris-Smith P. W., Smith H., Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 44, 446 (1963).","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880337"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.3.795-800.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(20000315)76:4<585::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/41493"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Supplementary figures and details of experimental procedures are available on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10277"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00953.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.091301.131133"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.17.7686"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251194298"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372739a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35065000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3520739"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/n35101998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008942828960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni748"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1175-1177.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"We thank B. Liddington for critical review of the manuscript and gift of LF and PA 63 and C. Adams for manuscript preparation. J.M.P. F.R.G. and Z.-W.L. were supported by postdoctoral fellowships from the Irvington Institute for Immunological Research the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Cancer Research Institute respectively. Work was supported by NIH grants AI43477 ES04151 and ES06376 and the Superfund basic research program (ES10337). M.K. is an American Cancer Society Research Professor."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1073163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:37:48Z","timestamp":1704839868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1073163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5589","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1073163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1073163","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1009661.155357","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1009661.132257","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1009661.132608","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1009661.145857","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,20]]}}}