{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:14:25Z","timestamp":1791440065494,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5585","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The mane of the African lion (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera leo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a highly variable trait that reflects male condition and ambient temperature. We examined the consequences of this variation in a long-term study of lions in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Mane darkness indicates nutrition and testosterone and influences both female choice and male-male competition. Mane length signals fighting success and only appears to influence male-male assessment. Dark-maned males enjoy longer reproductive life-spans and higher offspring survival, but they suffer higher surface temperatures, abnormal sperm, and lower food intake during hot months of the year. Maned males are hotter than females, and males have lighter and\/or shorter manes in hotter seasons, years, and habitats. This phenotypic plasticity suggests that the mane will respond to forecasted increases in ambient temperature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T15:34:46Z","timestamp":1033486486000},"page":"1339-1343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Peyton M.","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Packer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"M. Andersson Sexual Selection (Princeton Univ. Press Princeton NJ 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90061-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. P. Moller Sexual Selection and the Barn Swallow (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford 1994).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540298.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04790.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22536"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056607"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02217-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"235","volume":"1","author":"Moen R. A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moen R. A., Pastor J., Cohen Y., Evol. Ecol. Res. 1, 235 (1999).","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5333.1808"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1997.00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Darwin The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (J. Murray London 1871).","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.2092"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods supporting text and figures are available on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. C. Selous African Nature Notes and Reminiscences (Macmillan London 1908).","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.61732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"167","volume":"17","author":"Hemmer H.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hemmer H., Ver\u00f6ff. Zool. Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen 17, 167 (1974).","journal-title":"Ver\u00f6ff. Zool. Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"G. Schaller The Serengeti Lion (Univ. of Chicago Press Chicago 1972)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802112"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"C. T. Robbins Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition (Academic Press San Diego CA ed. 2 1993). 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1680401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":". 22. M. J. Wilson Endocrinolog y 112 321 (1983). 23.","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-112-1-321"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303053"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_6","first-page":"638","volume":"34","author":"Pocock R. L.","year":"1931","unstructured":"Pocock R. L., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 34, 638 (1931).","journal-title":"J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Paternity was known for 13 sons of 6 males (26) but there was no relationship between the manes of fathers and sons. We also estimated heritability using average mane length and color of males in paternal coalitions [there is no extra-group paternity in lions (26)]. There was no correlation with paternal color for 68 adult sons. Although length was significant by univariate analysis ( T = 2.63 P = 0.0107 n = 68) fathers and sons reside in similar habitats as adults and the correlation disappeared in a multivariate analysis controlling for habitat (Table 1)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Packer D. A. Gilbert A. E. Pusey S. J. O'Brien Nature 351 562 (1991).","DOI":"10.1038\/351562a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/296740a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.2000.102.4.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0884"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"717","volume":"20","author":"Pant K. P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pant K. P., Arruda F. D., Figueiredo E. A., Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 20, 717 (1985).","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00703-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"These results might reflect variations in diet or vegetation. Food supply is most constant in the Crater relatively stable in the Serengeti woodlands and sporadic on the Serengeti plains (because of seasonal migratory patterns). However males born in woodland prides grow manes as light as those of males that reside in plains prides as adults (Table 1). It has been suggested that shredding by thorn bushes reduces mane length but males born in the woodlands maintained shorter manes regardless of adult habitat whereas those that moved to the woodlands as adults had manes of average length."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"S. Hilsberg Aspekte zur klinischen Anwendung der Infrarot-Thermographie in der Zoo- und Wildtiermedizin (Universit\u00e4t Leipzig Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Fakult\u00e4t 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.63.5.30152627"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90175-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"The full model includes age (Student's t test = \u20133.09 P = 0.0114) resident in Ngorongoro Crater (Student's t test = 5.94 P = 0.0001) and sperm count (Student's t test = \u20135.08 P = 0.0005). Data were reanalyzed from (39). None of these factors had a detectable effect on fertility."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr017145"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329328a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","unstructured":"Supported by NSF grants 9903416 and 9709212 and by the University of Minnesota Graduate School the Dayton-Wilkie fund National Geographic MGM Grand Anna Club Toys Flir Systems and D. Davies. We thank S. Hilsberg for training in thermography on lions; J. Brown for serological assays; J. Endler P. Phillips G. Spong and the anonymous reviewers for comments; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Tanzania National Parks Kenya Wildlife Service and National Museums of Kenya for permission; and A. Pusey G. Hopcraft M. Borner P. B. Allen H. MacCormack M. Craft K. McComb J. Grinnell B. Leith B. Kissui M. McKibben B. Sabol K. Whitman G. Sharam M. Urban M. Hordinsky M. Ericsson F. Zahorszki D. Smith A. Sinclair T. Gnoske O. Mwebi and N. Yamaguchi for advice and assistance."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1073257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:04:16Z","timestamp":1704837856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1073257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5585","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1073257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1073257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,23]]}}}