{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:30:01Z","timestamp":1783024201158,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5601","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Here we show that whereas soil warming accelerates soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere, this response is small and short-lived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. We also show that warming increases the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. Because plant growth in many mid-latitude forests is nitrogen-limited, warming has the potential to indirectly stimulate enough carbon storage in plants to at least compensate for the carbon losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made in some climate models that lead to projections of large long-term releases of soil carbon in response to warming of forest ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,12]],"date-time":"2002-12-12T21:05:01Z","timestamp":1039727101000},"page":"2173-2176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1164,"title":["Soil Warming and Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to the Climate System"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Melillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Steudler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"Aber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Newkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. P.","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Designs, Post Office Box 26, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Catricala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Magill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Morrisseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. M. Woodwell F. T. MacKenzie Eds. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? (Oxford Univ. Press New York 1995) pp. 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195086409.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35041539"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"P. Friedlingstein J.-L. Dufresne P. M. Cox P. Rayner Tellus in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"J. T. Houghton et al. Eds. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35102500"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/35009076","volume":"404","author":"Giardina C. P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Giardina C. P., Ryan M. G., Nature 404, 858 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35098065"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/35098162","volume":"413","author":"Rustad L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rustad L., Nature 413, 578 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00321185","volume":"93","author":"Peterjohn W. T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peterjohn W. T., Melillo J. M., Bowles F. P., Steudler P. A., Oecologia 93, 18 (1993).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2307\/1941962","volume":"4","author":"Peterjohn W. T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Peterjohn W. T., Melillo J. M., Steudler P. A., Newkirk K. M., Ecol. Appl. 4, 617 (1994).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"CO 2 flux measurements were made by placing chamber lids over anchored collars for 15 min and sampling the headspace at 5-min intervals. Samples were analyzed for trace gas concentrations by gas chromatography or infrared analysis and the changes in concentration were used to calculate net flux rates. On each sampling date fluxes were measured at early morning and afternoon intervals."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/35009170","volume":"404","author":"Grace J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grace J., Rayment M., Nature 404, 819 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/35048672","volume":"408","author":"Davidson E. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davidson E. A., Trumbore S. E., Amundson R., Nature 408, 789 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Net nitrogen mineralization was measured for the organic horizon and upper 10 cm of mineral soil using in situ buried bag incubations. Incubations were for 6 weeks at a time from April through November and for 4 months during the winter. Initial samples were collected and analyzed for extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 \u2013 content (extraction with 2 N KClfor 48 hours and analysis with standard autoanalyzer methods). The same analysis was carried out on the incubated samples. The difference in total mineral N content between initial and incubated soils is the net mineralization rate. Soil nitrogen was assessed through sampling of organic and mineral soils in all plots in 1992 and again in 1999. Samples were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content with a Perkin-Elmer CHN analyzer. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in water leaching below the rooting zone were measured with high-tension lysimetry. Soil water samples were collected from one porous cup lysimeter per plot on two occasions every month for the first 2 years of the experiment then once monthly. Lysimeters were placed at a depth of 50 cm and evacuated to 15 inches of mercury for 24 hours before sampling. Samples were frozen until they were analyzed for NH 4 + and NO 3 \u2013 . Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured along with CO 2 with the same static chamber method from 1991 through 1995. Samples were analyzed for trace gas concentrations by gas chromatography and the changes in concentration were used to calculate net flux rates."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"During 1996 we analyzed the lysimeter water samples for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). We found very low levels of DON in lysimeters from all treatments with no clear treatment differences. DON was estimated as the difference between total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen where TDN was measured by high-temperature platinum\u2013catalyzed combustion (23)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s100210000023","volume":"3","author":"Magill A. H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Magill A. H., et al., Ecosystems 3, 238 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"This additional carbon storage in woody tissue was calculated as the product of 12.7% of the cumulative increase in net nitrogen mineralization over the decade (41 g of nitrogen m \u22122 ) and the measured carbon:nitrogen mass ratio of the wood (300:1) as follows: 0.127 \u00d7 4 g of nitrogen m \u22122 \u00d7 300."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"This conclusion is based on a paired Student's t test with aggregated data from the six experimental blocks."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(98)00509-X","volume":"119","author":"Bergh J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergh J., Linder S., Lundmark T., Elfving B., For. Ecol. Manage. 119, 51 (1999).","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/35016154","volume":"405","author":"Jarvis P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jarvis P., Linder S., Nature 405, 904 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2307\/1942058","volume":"5","author":"Harte J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Harte J., et al. Ecol. Appl. 5, 132 (1995).","journal-title":"et al. Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35098065"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1996.03615995006000040013x","volume":"60","author":"Merriam J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Merriam J., McDowell W. H., Currie W. S., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 1050 (1996).","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Supported by the Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research Program U.S. Department of Energy through the Northeast Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change under cooperative agreement no. DE-FC03-90ER61010; NSF's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (contract no. NSF-DEB 0080592); the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Global Change Program (contract no. EPA-CR 823713-01-0); and the ExxonMobil Corporation."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1074153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:35:18Z","timestamp":1704861318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1074153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5601","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1074153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1074153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,13]]}}}