{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:21:24Z","timestamp":1791177684493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5597","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The need for a planned response to a deliberate introduction of smallpox has recently become urgent. We constructed a stochastic simulator of the spread of smallpox in structured communities to compare the effectiveness of mass vaccination versus targeted vaccination of close contacts of cases. Mass vaccination before smallpox introduction or immediately after the first cases was more effective than targeted vaccination in preventing and containing epidemics if there was no prior herd immunity (that is, no prior immunologic protection within the population). The effectiveness of postrelease targeted and mass vaccinations increased if we assumed that there was residual immunity in adults vaccinated before 1972, but the effectiveness of targeted vaccination increased more than that of mass vaccination. Under all scenarios, targeted vaccination prevented more cases per dose of vaccine than did mass vaccination. Although further research with larger-scale structured models is needed, our results suggest that increasing herd immunity, perhaps with a combination of preemptive voluntary vaccination and vaccination of first responders, could enhance the effectiveness of postattack intervention. It could also help targeted vaccination be more competitive with mass vaccination at both preventing and containing a deliberate introduction of smallpox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,14]],"date-time":"2002-11-14T17:02:27Z","timestamp":1037293347000},"page":"1428-1432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["Containing Bioterrorist Smallpox"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"M. Elizabeth","family":"Halloran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ira M.","family":"Longini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azhar","family":"Nizam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1319","volume":"346","author":"Fauci A. 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Broad \u201cU.S. to vaccinate 500 000 workers against smallpox \u201d New York Times 7 July 2002 p. 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00316-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Age distribution was retrieved from www.census.gov\/census2000\/states\/us.html and household sizes were retrieved from (see Census 2000 Summary File 1). These Web sites were accessed on 29 October 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"F. Fenner et al. Smallpox and Its Eradication (World Health Organization Geneva 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"J. 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Yang data not shown."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414748a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121088"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112213"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"This research was partially funded by the Fogarty International Center and NIH grant R01-AI32042. We thank  E. McKenziefor initiating this project."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1074674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:26:14Z","timestamp":1704839174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1074674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5597","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1074674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1074674","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,15]]}}}