{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:32:23Z","timestamp":1770989543553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5593","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]],"date-time":"2002-10-18T02:36:15Z","timestamp":1034908575000},"page":"615-618","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Impacts of Soil Faunal Community Composition on Model Grassland Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Research Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Post Office Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. D.","family":"Bardgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. I. J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Merlewood, Grange-over-Sands, LA11 6JU, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Boag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bonkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Darmstadt, Fachbereich 10, Biologie, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Gange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Grayston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Kandeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"McCaig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Newington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. I.","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Seta\u0308la\u0308","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. L.","family":"Staddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of York, Post Office Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Tordoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Tscherko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK."},{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1EU, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"287","volume":"39","author":"Petersen H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Petersen H., Luxton M., Oikos 39, 287 (1982).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"J. Mikola R. D. Bardgett K. Hedlund in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives S. Naeem M. Loreau P. Inchausti Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford in press)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60007-0","volume":"27","author":"Lavelle P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lavelle P., Adv. Ecol. Res. 27, 93 (1997).","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.441"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"D. A. Wardle K. E. Giller G. M. Barker in Agrobiodiversity: Characterization Utilization and Management D. Wood J. M. Lenn\u00e9 Eds. (CABI Publishing Wallingford UK 1999) pp. 87\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[1089:EOGCOA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"50","author":"Wolters V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolters V., et al., Bioscience 50, 1089 (2000).","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2307\/1940449","volume":"69","author":"Yodzis P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yodzis P., Ecology 69, 508 (1988).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3546560"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(99)00025-6","volume":"13","author":"Andr\u00e9n O.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9n O., Balandreau J., Appl. Soil Ecol. 13, 105 (1999).","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. Anderson in Linking Species and Ecosystems C. G. Jones J. H. Lawton Eds. (Chapman New York 1995) pp. 94\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1773-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(98)00120-6","volume":"10","author":"Bengtsson J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bengtsson J., Appl. Soil Ecol. 10, 191 (1998).","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2307\/2937317","volume":"62","author":"Beare M. H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beare M. H., et al., Ecol. Monogr. 62, 569 (1992).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2307\/1310259","volume":"36","author":"Hendrix P. F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hendrix P. F., et al., Bioscience 36, 374 (1986).","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(96)00252-0","volume":"28","author":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4 H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4 H., Marshall V. G., Trofymow J. A., Soil Biol. Biochem. 28, 1661 (1996).","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/2937206","volume":"72","author":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4 H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4 H., Huhta V., Ecology 72, 665 (1991).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004496","volume":"11","author":"Verhoef H. A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Verhoef H. A., Brussaard L., Biogeochemistry 11, 175 (1990).","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(00)00140-1","volume":"33","author":"Kampichler C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kampichler C., Bruckner A., Kandeler E., Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 269 (2001).","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/2265488","volume":"77","author":"Lawton J. H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lawton J. H., Ecology 77, 665 (1996).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02183051","volume":"170","author":"Beare M. H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beare M. H., Coleman D. C., Crossley D. A., Hendrix P. F., Odum E. P., Plant Soil 170, 5 (1995).","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"563","volume":"26","author":"Brussaard L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brussaard L., et al., Ambio 26, 563 (1997).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. H. Peters The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 1983).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608551"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. J. Swift O. W. Heal J. M. Anderson Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems (Blackwell Oxford 1979).","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520407114"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00014-0","volume":"31","author":"Bardgett R. D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bardgett R. D., Chan K. F., Soil Biol. Biochem. 31, 1007 (1999).","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"J. M. Anderson in Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems D. C. Coleman P. F. Hendrix Eds. (CABI Publishing Wallingford UK 2000) pp. 3\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"There was a significant change in grass species composition (time \u00d7 treatment \u00d7 plant species interaction; F 70 476 = 1.4 P < 0.05). By day 85 H. mollis was consistently more abundant in the microfauna and mesofauna communities (time \u00d7 treatment interaction; F 14 56 = 1.9 P < 0.05). Values for the last sample event ( F 2 8 = 18 P < 0.01) were 4.5 \u00b1 0.57 (microfauna) 9.6 \u00b1 2.59 (mesofauna) and 1.9 \u00b1 0.40 (macrofauna) [mean \u00b1 SE dry mass (g m \u22122 )]. Significant changes in biomass of other grass species were not observed."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"We detected no marked treatment differences in bulk density or pH of organic and mineral soil horizons. Equally we observed no significant treatment differences ( P > 0.05) in moisture temperature total and dissolved organic soil carbon and total and dissolved organic and mineral nitrogen of these horizons."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Surface litter decomposition was significantly affected by faunal treatment after 42 days of litter exposure (time \u00d7 treatment interaction; F 4 40 = 3.3 P < 0.05). Values for the last sampling ( F 2 20 = 20 P < 0.001) were 31.6 + 2.74 (microfauna) 39.1 + 4.93 (mesofauna) and 14.0 + 3.44 (macrofauna) [back-transformed mean + SE (percentage litter mass remaining at 42 days)]. Cotton strip degradation (time \u00d7 treatment interaction; F 4 234 = 2.4 P < 0.05) was significantly affected by faunal treatment and at the last sampling ( F 2 135 = 9.0 P < 0.001; strips inserted on day 207) cotton degradation rates (pooled across depth and removal day) were 23 \u00b1 1.3 (microfauna) 25 \u00b1 1.3 (mesofauna) and 27 \u00b1 1.3 (macrofauna) [mean \u00b1 SE (cotton strips per year)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly affected by faunal treatment ( F 2 44 = 31 P < 0.001) and in a consistent way (treatment \u00d7 species interaction; F 6 44 = 0.46 P > 0.05). Mean (\u00b1SE) percentages in the microfauna mesofauna and macrofauna communities were respectively 14 \u00b1 1.1 20 \u00b1 2.0 and 6.9 \u00b1 2.46 ( Agrostis capillaris L.); 12 \u00b1 1.6 17 \u00b1 2.5 and 6.6 \u00b1 2.25 ( Anthoxanthum odoratum L.); 13 \u00b1 2.9 21 \u00b1 1.4 and 9.2 \u00b1 2.21 ( Festuca rubra L.); and 17 \u00b1 1.9 22 \u00b1 2.8 and 7.1 \u00b1 1.87 ( Poa pratensis L.). Root density was markedly affected by faunal treatment ( F 2 8 = 3.9 P = 0.065). Mean (\u00b1SE) densities in the organic horizons were 34 \u00b1 1.2 (microfauna) 22 \u00b1 6.7 (mesofauna) and 16 \u00b1 3.0 (macrofauna) (mg per g of dry soil)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880315.x","volume":"88","author":"Hedlund K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hedlund K., \u00d6hrn M. S., Oikos 88, 585 (2000).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Microbial potential carbon utilization was not significantly affected by faunal treatment ( P > 0.05). Similarly nitrogen mineralization enzyme (urease phosphatase invertase xylanase) activity and numbers of culturable bacteria fungi and pseudomonads were not affected ( P > 0.05). We observed no treatment differences in total bacterial or fungal phospholipid fatty acid abundance ( P > 0.05)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2307\/3565898","volume":"54","author":"Brown V. K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brown V. K., Gange A. C., Oikos 54, 67 (1989).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050817","volume":"119","author":"Scheu S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scheu S., Theenhaus A., Jones T. H., Oecologia 119, 541 (1999).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","unstructured":"We thank the Natural Environment Research Council for core funding to the Centre for Population Biology and funding under the Soil Biodiversity Programme; S. Catovsky and H. C. J. Godfray for constructive comments; The U.K. Environmental Change Network for Sourhope climate data; and P. Small D. Wildman K. Hutcheson A. Minns S. Rudolph and T. Kramarewa for engineering and experimental assistance. All opinions stated are those of the authors and not necessarily those of their affiliation."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1075805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T18:37:01Z","timestamp":1733855821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1075805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5593","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1075805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1075805","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]]}}}