{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:17:18Z","timestamp":1792462638831,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5601","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The first chordates appear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago. The modern ascidian tadpole represents a plausible approximation to these ancestral chordates. To illuminate the origins of chordate and vertebrates, we generated a draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian,\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome contains \u223c16,000 protein-coding genes, similar to the number in other invertebrates, but only half that found in vertebrates. Vertebrate gene families are typically found in simplified form in\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development. The ascidian genome has also acquired a number of lineage-specific innovations, including a group of genes engaged in cellulose metabolism that are related to those in bacteria and fungi.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,12]],"date-time":"2002-12-12T16:05:01Z","timestamp":1039709101000},"page":"2157-2167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1356,"title":["The Draft Genome of\n                    <i>Ciona intestinalis<\/i>\n                    : Insights into Chordate and Vertebrate Origins"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"Paramvir","family":"Dehal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Satou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."},{"name":"Serono Reproductive Biology Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, MA 02370, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrod","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Degnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"De Tomaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 93950, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Genetics, 401 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Di Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Genetics, 401 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Gelpke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Goodstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoe","family":"Harafuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Genetics, 401 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E. 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