{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:34:12Z","timestamp":1788309252943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5617","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is considered to be a major source of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol during periods of volcanic quiescence. We measured COS at the tropical tropopause and find mixing ratios to be 20 to 50% larger than are assumed in models. The enhanced COS levels are correlated with high concentrations of biomass-burning pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The analysis of backward trajectories and global maps of fire statistics suggest that biomass-burning emissions transported upward by deep convection are the source of the enhanced COS in the upper tropical troposphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,10]],"date-time":"2003-04-10T20:24:47Z","timestamp":1050006287000},"page":"307-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Enhanced Upper Tropical Tropospheric COS: Impact on the Stratospheric Aerosol Layer"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Notholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"Rinsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681\u20132199, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. C.","family":"Toon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Deckelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Krieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Weinzierl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bingemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. W. Goethe\u2013University, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Schrems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8993","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00275","volume":"100","author":"Chin M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chin M., Davis D. D., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8993 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"H. Berresheim P. H. Wine D. D. Davis in Composition Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere H. B. Singh Ed. (Van Nostrand Reinhold New York 1995) pp. 251\u2013307."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Kettle U. Kuhn M. von Hobe J. Kesselmeier M. O. Andreae J. Geophys. Res. 107 ACH 25 (2002).","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002187"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5315.1052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/282253a0","volume":"282","author":"Crutzen P. J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Crutzen P. J., Heidt L. E., Krasnec J. P., Pollock W. H., Seiler W., Nature 282, 253 (1979).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001382","volume":"15","author":"Andreae M. O.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andreae M. O., Merlet P., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 955 (2001).","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00617","volume":"101","author":"Thornton D. C.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thornton D. C., Bandy A. R., Blomquist B. W., Anderson B. E., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1873 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23443","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01911","volume":"98","author":"Johnson J. E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson J. E., Bandy A. R., Thornton D. C., Bates T. S., J. Geophys. Res. 98, 23443 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. P. Rinsland et al. J. Geophys. Res. 107 22 ACH 24 (2002).","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002522"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1029\/GL003i002p00073","volume":"3","author":"Crutzen P. J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Crutzen P. J., Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 73 (1976).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"G. P. Brasseur J. J. Orlando G. S. Tyndall Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. R. Brown C. B. Farmer C. P. Rinsland R. Zander in Spectroscopy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Interstellar Molecules K. N. Rao A. Weber Eds. (Academic Press San Diego CA 1992) pp. 97\u2013151.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-580645-9.50006-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(98)00078-8","volume":"60","author":"Rothman L. S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rothman L. S., et al., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60, 665 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Errors in the retrieved VMR profiles can result from the following: (i) The instrumental response function. This function was measured during the 1999\u20132000 cruise by cell measurements with a gas of known pressure and the resulting instrumental line shape has been taken into account in the analysis. (ii) The assumed atmospheric pressure and temperature. These variables were measured daily on board the ship by balloon sondes during both cruises. (iii) Initial VMR profiles. Sensitivity tests (scaling the whole profile or shifting the profile with respect to altitude) gave similar results. (iv) The spectroscopic data: The most likely problems are the air-broadening half-widths and their temperature dependence. We analyzed spectra recorded with the same instrument in Spitsbergen in the high Arctic (79\u00b0N 12\u00b0E 20 m above sea level) and at Potsdam (52\u00b0N 80 m above sea level) in exactly the same way that we analyzed the cruise spectra. At both locations the atmospheric temperatures show strong seasonal variabilities. The high-latitude VMR profiles derived yield relatively constant COS mixing ratios in the whole troposphere in agreement with the available balloon observations and do not indicate erroneous spectroscopic data. In addition to the spectroscopic remote-sensing observations CO was also measured on board the ship during the 1999\u20132000 cruise by an in situ monitor measuring the ultraviolet resonance fluorescence of CO at 150 nm (34). The instrument has an accuracy of \u00b11.3 ppbv and a detection limit of 3 ppbv (2\u03c3) for an integration time of 1 s. The in situ and spectrometric data for the lower troposphere are in excellent agreement confirming our spectroscopic observations."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL01569","volume":"23","author":"Gunson M. R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gunson M. R., et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2333 (1996).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011797","volume":"27","author":"Griffith D. W. T.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Griffith D. W. T., Toon G. C., Sen B., Blavier J.-F., Toth A., Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2485 (2000).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02581"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100074","volume":"104","author":"Hoell J. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoell J. M., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 5567 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23519","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01786","volume":"101","author":"Andreae M. O.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Andreae M. O., Fishman J., Lindesay J., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23519 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD04p05173","volume":"94","author":"Leifer R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leifer R., J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5173 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.250.4988.1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011438","volume":"27","author":"Sherwood S. C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sherwood S. C., Dessler A. E., Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2513 (2000).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013148","volume":"28","author":"Holton J. R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holton J. R., Gettelman A., Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 2799 (2001).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"ATSR World Fire Atlas European Space Agency\u2013ESA\/ESRIN via Galileo Galilei CP 64 00044 Frascati Italy; ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"The backward trajectories were calculated on isentropic levels with HYSPLIT4 (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model 1997 (www.arl.noaa.gov\/ready\/hysplit4.html); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resources Laboratory Silver Spring MD."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02861","volume":"101","author":"Smyth S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smyth S., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1743 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"I. Folkins P. O. Wennberg T. F. Hanisco J. G. Anderson"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL03047","volume":"24","author":"Salawitsch R. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Salawitsch R. J., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3185 (1997).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005976511096","volume":"29","author":"Kjellstr\u00f8m E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kjellstr\u00f8m E., J. Atmos. Chem. 29, 151 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13019","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00901","volume":"102","author":"Weisenstein D. K.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weisenstein D. K., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13019 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.-Y. T. Leung A. J. Colussi M. Hoffmann G. C. Toon Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 112-1 (2002).","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013955"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0414:IOFCAE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"59","author":"Pitari G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pitari G., Mancini E., Rizi V., Shindell D. T., J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 414 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"N. Nakicenovic R. Swart Eds. Emission Scenarios 2000 (Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge Univ. Press Oxford 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02960","volume":"102","author":"Thomason L. W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomason L. W., Kent G. S., Trempte C. R., Poole L. R., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3611 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100031","volume":"104","author":"Gerbig C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gerbig C., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1699 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"We acknowledge the ATMOS team who acquired and processed the shuttle spectra and made them available for analysis. We also thank the Polarstern crew for their assistance."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1080320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T02:26:13Z","timestamp":1704853573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1080320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5617","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1080320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1080320","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,11]]}}}