{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:54:35Z","timestamp":1790272475556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5635","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in\n                    <jats:italic>Porites<\/jats:italic>\n                    corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]],"date-time":"2003-08-14T19:28:56Z","timestamp":1060889336000},"page":"952-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Coral Reef Death During the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Linked to Indonesian Wildfires"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Nerilie J.","family":"Abram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia."},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Gagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia."},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm T.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia."},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia."},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahyoe S.","family":"Hantoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia."},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5433.1505"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067728"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"C. Wilkinson Status of Coral Reefs of the World (Australian Institute of Marine Sciences Townsville Australia 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"839","volume":"50","year":"1999","unstructured":"O. Hoegh-Guldberg, Marine Freshw. Res.50, 839 (1999).","journal-title":"Marine Freshw. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35011132"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43848"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43854"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"1249","volume":"8","year":"1997","unstructured":"T. Tomascik, A. J. Mah, A. Nontji, M. K. Moosa, in The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas (Periplus Editions, Hong Kong, 1997), vol. 8, pp. 1249\u20131262.","journal-title":"The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JB900050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL005409"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Local reports of the 1997 reef death are from discussions during fieldwork in 1999 and 2001 with Padang Diving Ltd. and Mentawai villagers who have an intimate knowledge of and dependence on the Mentawai reefs. Details of the Mentawai reef death are also given in ( 43 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5353.1014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Methods and calculation details are available as supporting online material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"T. D. Wyndham M. T. McCulloch S. J. Fallon C. Alibert in preparation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GB900019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4203(96)00091-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1273(96)23009-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90559-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC000123"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334478"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377507a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(97)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"SeaWiFS satellite coverage shows that the upwelling plume of the 1997 IOD was associated with a broad area of elevated ocean productivity in the Mentawai region ( 23 ). Between September and December 1997 SeaWiFS recorded chlorophyll a concentrations of approximately 0.5 mg m \u2013 3 in the upwelling plume compared to mean chlorophyll a levels for this region of \u223c0.1 mg m \u2013 3 ( 23 ). In December 1997 a marked increase in chlorophyll a concentration to 1 to 10 mg m \u20133 with a mean of approximately 5 mg m \u2013 3 was recorded in a narrow region around the Mentawai Islands. The spatial and temporal distribution of this elevated chlorophyll a anomaly is consistent with local observations ( 11 ) and the coral records of reef death linked to a large red tide."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"P. Eaton M. Radojevic Forest Fires and Regional Haze in Southeast Asia (Nova Science Publishers New York 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.1994.5.3.349(PAGES)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012433"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(99)00037-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<0487:FPOVAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074961"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00199-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(95)00035-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011926"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35106547"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00329-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00395-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900208"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-583X(01)01054-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/344419a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"Smoke also could have supplemented the upwelled sources of macronutrients ( 27 28 ) with the particulate emissions from the Sumatran wildfires amounting to approximately 6% of the N requirements ( 35 36 ) and 17% of the P requirements ( 35 39 ) of the Mentawai red tide."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059199"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"86","volume":"16","year":"2000","unstructured":"Indrawadi, Y. Efendi, 9th Int. Coral Reef Symp. AbstractsA16, 86 (2000).","journal-title":"9th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Abstracts"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"We thank B. Suwargadi D. Prayudi I. Suprianto K. Glenn T. Watanabe K. Sieh and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for logistical support and technical assistance with fieldwork and T. Wyndham H. Scott-Gagan J. Cali G. Mortimer A. Alimanovic and D. Kelleher for laboratory assistance. N.J.A. was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award and a Jaeger scholarship."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1083841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1704838534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1083841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5635","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1083841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1083841","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,15]]}}}