{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:47:11Z","timestamp":1787168831691,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5632","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep tropical lakes are excellent climate monitors because annual mixing is shallow and flushing rates are low, allowing heat to accumulate during climatic warming. We describe effects of warming on Lake Tanganyika: A sharpened density gradient has slowed vertical mixing and reduced primary production. Increased warming rates during the coming century may continue to slow mixing and further reduce productivity in Lake Tanganyika and other deep tropical lakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,30]],"date-time":"2003-06-30T20:14:49Z","timestamp":1057004089000},"page":"505-507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":308,"title":["Ecological Consequences of a Century of Warming in Lake Tanganyika"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Piet","family":"Verburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Algal Taxonomy and Ecology, c\/o Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Algal Taxonomy and Ecology, c\/o Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedy","family":"Kling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Algal Taxonomy and Ecology, c\/o Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064074"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5485.1743"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Temperature data for 1913 are from L. Stappers Mission Stappers 1911\u20131913 Exploration Hydrographique et Biologique des Lacs Tanganika et Moero (R\u00e9pertoire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Echantillons d'Histoire Naturelle Recueillis Vromant Brussels 1913)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iroh.19390390303"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"3","volume":"1","year":"1952","unstructured":"Temperature data for 1947 are from A. Capart, Le Milieu G\u00e9ographique et G\u00e9ophysique. R\u00e9sultats Scientifique de l'Exploration Hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, 1952), vol. 1, pp. 3\u201327.","journal-title":"Le Milieu G\u00e9ographique et G\u00e9ophysique. R\u00e9sultats Scientifique de l'Exploration Hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"1","year":"1974","unstructured":"Temperature data for 1973 are from H. Craig, F. Dixon, V. Craig, J. Edmond, G. Coulter, Lake Tanganyika Geochemical and Hydrographic Study: 1973 Expedition (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 1974), pp. 1\u201383.","journal-title":"Lake Tanganyika Geochemical and Hydrographic Study: 1973 Expedition"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1993.38.4.0725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009626325650"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"G. E. Hutchinson A Treatise on Limnology (Wiley New York 1957)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"These data are from a meteofile from Bujumbura Airport. The meteofile can be obtained from the Institut G\u00e9ographique du Burundi Forecast Unit Post Office Box 331 Bujumbura Burundi."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG900002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"90","year":"1991","unstructured":"R. E. Hecky, in Lake Tanganyika and Its Life, G. W. Coulter, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1991), pp. 90\u2013110.","journal-title":"Lake Tanganyika and Its Life"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/397539"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"31","volume":"1","year":"1952","unstructured":"J. Kufferath, Le Milieu Biochimique. R\u00e9sultats Scientifique de l'Exploration Hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, 1952), vol. 1, pp. 31\u201347.","journal-title":"Le Milieu Biochimique"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"P. D. Plisnier FAO Tech. Rep. GCP\/RAF\/271\/FIN-TD\/56 [Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Rome Italy 1996]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003706002126"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"L. Van Meel Le Phytoplancton R\u00e9sultats Scientifique de l'Exploration Hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Brussels 1954) vol. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"The mean was 9.5 \u00b1 4.6 \u03bcM from 1938 to 1975 ( n = 20). The mean was 27.3 \u00b1 1.7 \u03bcM in 2000 (July to September) to 2001 (March to April) ( n = 19 P < 0.0001). Both data sets contained data for the stratified as well as the mixing season and there was no overlap between the ranges in dissolved silica. Lakewide dissolved silica at 0- to 25-m depth was also significantly higher in 2000 to 2001 compared with 1975 ( P < 0.0001) ( 8 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003701901217"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003749817147"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1981.26.3.0548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1963.8.4.0463"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142188"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"R. J. Davies-Colley W. N. Vant D. G. Smith Colour and Clarity of Natural Waters: Science and Management of Optical Water Quality (Ellis Horwood London 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"209","year":"2002","unstructured":"M. K. Vollmer, R. F. Weiss, H. A. Bootsma, in The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology and Biodiversity, E. O. Odada, D. O. Olago, Eds. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2002), pp. 209\u2013233.","journal-title":"The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology and Biodiversity"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"We thank the personnel of the Fisheries Departments of Burundi Democratic Republic of Congo Tanzania and Zambia for assistance with sampling and the Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute for use of the conductivity temperature depth profiler in 2000. Data from 1994 to 1997 were from research conducted by FAO Project GCP\/RAF\/271\/FIN. We thank W. D. Taylor L. W. Hamoen and H. M. Jonkers for comments; Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology for a research permit in 2000 to 2001 (P.V.); and the Museum for Comparative Zoology at Harvard for the supply of a copy of ( 3 ). A Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council grant to R.E.H. supported this research."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1084846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T21:40:13Z","timestamp":1704836413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1084846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5632","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1084846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1084846","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,25]]}}}