{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:58:25Z","timestamp":1791197905811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5631","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride particles with gas-phase hydroxide. The increase in alkalinity will lead to an increase in the uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in sea-salt particles. This chemistry is missing from current models but is consistent with a number of previously unexplained field study observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,8]],"date-time":"2003-07-08T00:23:46Z","timestamp":1057623826000},"page":"340-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Laskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri W.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Cowin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Colson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Finlayson-Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697\u20132025, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326655a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"J. T. Houghton IPCC Report (Cambridge University Press 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"B. J. Finlayson-Pitts J. N. 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As the solution dries chlorine is evolved and a mixture of NaCl NaOH (from the reverse of reaction 3) NaClO x (where x = 2 3 and\/or 4) and possibly NaHCO 3 \/Na 2 CO 3 (as a result of the uptake of CO 2 from air) is expected to be formed. In the case of the NaCl-reacted particles drying was carried out without exposure to air so that carbonate\/bicarbonate was excluded."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"The TOF-SIMS surface images show indistinct blurry particles larger than expected from the SEM images instead of distinct square crystals because of the halo seen in Fig. 1B. In the static regime TOF-SIMS is very surface-sensitive and secondary ions are emitted only from the top 5 nm of the sample. The lack of chemical contrast between the halo and the particle indicates that the halo composition is comparable to that still on the surface of the particles."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"10468","volume":"105","year":"2001","unstructured":"P. Jungwirth, D. Tobias, J. Phys. 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If the acid were taken up instantaneously into the particles the rate of generation of H + in the liquid phase would be 4.4 \u00d7 10 \u2013 7 M s \u2013 1 about an order of magnitude smaller than the generation of OH \u2013 by the interface reaction. Hence acidification of sea-salt particles over the remote ocean by nitric acid is unlikely to be important."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00815"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01152"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360571a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"23","volume":"100","year":"1995","unstructured":"H. Sievering et al., J. Geophys. Res.100, 23 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"646","volume":"53","year":"2001","unstructured":"U. 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B.J.F.P. thanks NSF (grants 0079222 and 0209719) and the U.S. Department of Energy (grant FG03-98ER62578) for support during a sabbatical leave when this work was carried out."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1085374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1704855485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1085374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5631","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1085374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1085374","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,18]]}}}