{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1791222428765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5639","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            High-resolution spectra of the CN\n            <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            \u2211\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            \u2013\n            <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            \u2211\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            (0,0) band at 390 nanometers yield isotopic ratios for comets C\/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and C\/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) as follows: 165 \u00b1 40 and 115 \u00b1 20 for\n            <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n            C\/\n            <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n            C, 140 \u00b1 35 and 140 \u00b1 30 for\n            <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n            N\/\n            <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n            N. Our N isotopic measurements are lower than the terrestrial\n            <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n            N\/\n            <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n            N = 272 and the ratio for Hale-Bopp from measurements of HCN, the presumed parent species of CN. This isotopic anomaly suggests the existence of other parent(s) of CN, with an even lower N isotopic ratio. Organic compounds like those found in interplanetary dust particles are good candidates.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]],"date-time":"2003-09-12T05:03:39Z","timestamp":1063343019000},"page":"1522-1524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Anomalous Nitrogen Isotope Ratio in Comets"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Claude","family":"Arpigny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanue\u0308l","family":"Jehin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Manfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Hutseme\u0301kers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Stu\u0308we","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Zucconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Ilyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Astrophysique et de Ge\u0301ophysique, Sart-Tilman, Ba\u0302timent B5c, B-4000 Lie\u0300ge, Belgium."},{"name":"European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"ESA\/RSSD, ESTEC, Post Office Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands."},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands."},{"name":"Observatoire de Besanc\u0327on, F25010 Besanc\u0327on Cedex, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Material and methods are available as supporting material on Science online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1117\/12.395512","volume":"4008","year":"2000","unstructured":"H. Dekker et al., Proc. SPIE4008, 534 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"180","volume":"150","year":"1985","unstructured":"J. M. Zucconi, M. C. Festou, Astron. Astrophys.150, 180 (1985).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"1074","volume":"32","year":"2000","unstructured":"C. Arpignyet al., Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.32, 1074 (2000).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005233727874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1086\/175239","volume":"439","year":"1995","unstructured":"M. L. Kleine, S. Wyckoff, P. A. Wehinger, B. A. Peterson, Astrophys. J.439, 1021 (1995).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1086\/308863","volume":"535","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. Wyckoff et al., Astrophys. J.535, 991 (2000).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90286-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320501"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Only a lower limit (\u223c200) was derived optically for comet C\/1990 K1 (Levy) but this estimate ( 7 ) is probably too high. The comparison of synthetic spectra with published plots of the CN Violet band in this and several other comets in which 13 C 14 N was measured [1P\/Halley ( 6 ) C\/1989 Q1 (Okasaki-LevyRudenko) C\/1989 X1 (Austin) ( 7 ) and 122P\/1995 S1 (de Vico) ( 39 )] shows the presence of 12 C 15 N features not substantially fainter than 13 C 14 N. A new analysis of some of these comets is under way."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L67","DOI":"10.1086\/312388","volume":"527","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. M. Ziurys et al., Astrophys. J.527, L67 (1999).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005269208310","volume":"90","year":"1999","unstructured":"This is not the first time that a cometary isotope ratio is found to be different in different species, for instance, the D\/H ratio obtained from H2O and HCN in Hale-Bopp [R. Meier, T. C. Owen, Space Sci. Rev. 90, 33 (1999)].","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20021550"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2000.6413","volume":"146","year":"2000","unstructured":"J. J. Klavetter, M. F. A'Hearn, Icarus146, 583 (2000).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2001.6798","volume":"157","year":"2002","unstructured":"An excellent recent review of these questions is to be found in L. M. Woodney et al., Icarus 157, 193 (2002).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/324649a0","volume":"324","year":"1986","unstructured":"These \u201cCHON\u201d grains, rich in the light elements (H, C, N, and O), were discovered in the coma of Halley's comet; they are tiny (submicrometer- to micrometer-sized) particulates containingcomplex organic compounds of low degrees of volatility (5). M. F. A'Hearn et al. [Nature 324, 649 (1986)] first suggested that CN radicals may be released from CHON grains.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"For example a ratio of 80 is needed in order to yield an average of 140 if we suppose that CN is produced in equal proportions from HCN and a second source. In the case of WM1 different spectra were analyzed independently thanks to their high S\/N ratio and they do not show any appreciable spatial variation of the isotope ratios over distances of 1 to 5 \u00d7 10 3 km from the comet nucleus."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"194","volume":"295","year":"1995","unstructured":"G. Dahmen, T. L. Wilson, F. Matteucci, Astron. Astrophys.295, 194 (1995).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L143","DOI":"10.1086\/311875","volume":"512","year":"1999","unstructured":"Y.-N. Chin, C. Henkel, N. Langer, R. Mauersberger, Astrophys. J.512, L143 (1999).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"104","year":"1999","unstructured":"C. Henkelet al., in Chemical Evolution from Zero to High Redshift, J. R. Walsh, M. R. Rosa, Eds. (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1999), pp. 104\u2013108.","journal-title":"Chemical Evolution from Zero to High Redshift"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1086\/304545","volume":"486","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. D. Clayton, D. Arnett, J. Kane, B. Mayer, Astrophys. J.486, 824 (1997).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"15 N is comingfrom an early production in short-lived massive stars (becomingType II supernovae). 14 N is a secondary element produced by long-lived low- and intermediate-mass stars ( 19 20 21 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.26.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L101","DOI":"10.1086\/310869","volume":"487","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Hoppe et al., Astrophys. J.487, L101 (1997).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00964-0","volume":"204","year":"2002","unstructured":"S. Mostefaoui et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.204, 89 (2002)","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"253","year":"2001","unstructured":"E. K. Jessbergeret al., in Interplanetary Dust, E. Gr\u00fcn et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001), pp. 253\u2013294.","journal-title":"Interplanetary Dust"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35010053"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"1234","year":"2003","unstructured":"C. Floss, F. J. Stadermann, Lunar Planet. Sci.XXXIV, 1234 (2003).","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"J. Al\u00e9on et al. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"1811","year":"1998","unstructured":"L. P. Keller, S. Messenger, M. Miller, K. L. Thomas, Lunar Planet. Sci.XXVIII, 1811 (1998).","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/176485"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341863"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"298","volume":"393","year":"1992","unstructured":"T. W. Rettig et al., Astrophys. J.393, 298 (1992).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"We thank S. B. Charnley for the suggestion concerning\u201cHCN polymers.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340484"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2000.03618.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2000.6413","volume":"146","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. L. Cochran et al., Icarus146, 583 (2000).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2002.6850","volume":"157","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. L. Cochran, W. D. Cochran, Icarus157, 297 (2002).","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"\u03b4 15 N = 10 3 [( 15 N\/ 14 N)\/( 15 N\/ 14 N) \u2295 \u20131]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/311702"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"246","volume":"337","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Lucas, H. Liszt, Astron. Astrophys.337, 246 (1998).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/341287","volume":"575","year":"2002","unstructured":"M. Ikeda et al., Astrophys. J.575, 250 (2002).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","unstructured":"Based on observations of comet Hale-Bopp made with the Nordic Optical Telescope La Palma Canary Islands Spain. The WM1 observations were carried out at the ESO. We thank the director of the ESO VLT for approvingour program for Director's Discretionary Time (ESO DDT 268.C-5570). We also thank the observatory staff astronomers who have carried out these observations. The authors are grateful to J. Al\u00e9on for useful discussions. C.A. J.M. and D.H. acknowledge financial support from the Belgian NFSR."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1086711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:05:08Z","timestamp":1704859508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1086711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5639","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1086711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1086711","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]]}}}