{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:35:37Z","timestamp":1791822937097,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5650","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) has been attributed to a rapid rise in greenhouse gas levels. If so, warming should have occurred at all latitudes, although amplified toward the poles. Existing records reveal an increase in high-latitude sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (8\u00b0 to 10\u00b0C) and in bottom water temperatures (4\u00b0 to 5\u00b0C). To date, however, the character of the tropical SST response during this event remains unconstrained. Here we address this deficiency by using paired oxygen isotope and minor element (magnesium\/calcium) ratios of planktonic foraminifera from a tropical Pacific core to estimate changes in SST. Using mixed-layer foraminifera, we found that the combined proxies imply a 4\u00b0 to 5\u00b0C rise in Pacific SST during the PETM. These results would necessitate a rise in atmospheric pCO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            to levels three to four times as high as those estimated for the late Paleocene.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,28]],"date-time":"2003-10-28T07:45:36Z","timestamp":1067327136000},"page":"1551-1554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":563,"title":["A Transient Rise in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"302","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Zachos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Wara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Bohaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rose","family":"Petrizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Brill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Bralower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Premoli-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra \u201cArdito Desio,\u201d Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"214","year":"1998","unstructured":"E. Thomas, in Late Paleocene Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, M. P. Aubry, S. G. Lucas, W. A. Berggren, Eds. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1998), pp. 214\u2013243.","journal-title":"Late Paleocene Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1996)024<0423:RDOPFI>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(98)00017-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"1060","volume":"17","year":"2002","unstructured":"T. J. Bralower, Paleoceanography17, 1060 (2002).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<0315:GDEAWT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1994)022<0211:ASHEAT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"W. C. Clyde P. D. Gingerich Geology (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/353225a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059412"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"401","volume":"101","year":"1996","unstructured":"E. Thomas, N. J. Shackleton, in Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe, R. W. O. B. Knox, R. M. Corfield, R. E. Dunay, Eds. (Geological Society of London, London, 1996), vol. 101, pp. 401\u2013441.","journal-title":"Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe,"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1997)025<0259:ABOGIT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95PA02087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(02)00718-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-003-0312-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1997)025<0963:HRROTL>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92PA01183"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"T. J. Bralower et al. Proceedings ODP Initial Reports (Ocean Drilling Program College Station TX 2002) vol. 198."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999PA900031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012847"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Stable isotope analyses were performed using an Autocarb preparation device coupled to a PRISM gas-source mass spectrometer. This common acid bath system reacts carbonates in phosphoric acid at 90\u00b0C. The CO 2 is distilled in a single step. Analytical precision for \u03b4 18 O and \u03b4 13 C based on replicate measurements of in-house standard is \u00b10.1 and \u00b10.05\u2030 respectively."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Before analysis samples were crushed weighed and subjected to multiple sonication steps to remove fines to reductive cleaning to remove oxyhydroxide coatings to oxidative cleaning to remove organics and to one partial acid dissolution in 0.001 N trace metal grade HNO 3 . Finally samples were dissolved in 0.5 N trace metal grade HNO 3 and analyzed within 6 hours. Measurements of Mg\/Ca were made with a Perkin-Elmer Optima 8300 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. We used a ratio intensity calibration method. Over the period during which the records at Site 1209 were generated we observed long-term reproducibility in a liquid consistency standard (interrun precision 1s n = 250) to be 0.051 0.018 and 0.023 mmol\/mol for Mg\/Ca Sr\/Ca and Mn\/Ca respectively. During the same period we observed long-term reproducibility in a foraminiferal consistency standard (interrun precision 1s n = 35) to be 0.252 0.025 and 0.004 mmol\/mol for Mg\/Ca Sr\/Ca and Mn\/Ca respectively. See ( 43 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"The fragmentation index represents the percentage of fragments or partial to whole shells. Once dried samples were sieved to isolate specimens >125 \u03bcm. About 300 specimens were then counted and identified as perfect planktonic fragmented planktonic and benthic foraminifera as well as pyrite grains and fish debris. Several samples were then recounted to ensure reproducibility. %CaCO 3 was determined by the coulometric method. External precision based on replicates is \u00b11.5%."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28<927:NCFTLP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00017-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00446-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. S. Dekens D. W. Lea D. K. Pak H. J. Spero Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.3 (4) 10.1029\/2001GC000200 (2002).","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002PA000846"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"1044","volume":"17","year":"2002","unstructured":"Y. Rosenthal, G. P. Lohmann, Paleoceanography17, 1044 (2002).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90232-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gsjfr.15.4.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Here we assume that continental ice sheets if present on Antarctica are of insufficient mass to noticeably affect mean ocean \u03b4 18 O. Currently the lack of sediment cores or outcrops of this age from the Antarctic margin however preclude a more definitive resolution to this issue."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00105-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999PA000415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93PA03266"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37333"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(01)00226-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00067-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"37","volume":"171","year":"2000","unstructured":"G. R. Dickens, Bull. Soc. G\u00e9ol. France171, 37 (2000).","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. G\u00e9ol. France"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.292.5525.2310"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"273","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. C. Sloan, M. Huber, A. Ewing, in Reconstructing Ocean History: A Window into the Future, F. Abrantes, A. Mix, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, New York, 1999), pp. 273\u2013293.","journal-title":"Reconstructing Ocean History: A Window into the Future"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"1004","volume":"18","year":"2003","unstructured":"G. A. Schmidt, D. T. Shindell, Paleoceanography18, 1004 (2003).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<1067:WTFFTF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"8406","volume":"4","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. W. Wara et al., Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst.4, 8406 (2003).","journal-title":"Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"We thank B. Becker R. Franks S. Keller H Leong and O. Daignieres for technical support and P. Koch C. Shellito L. Sloan and M. Huber for their comments. The Ocean Drilling Program furnished samples. This research was supported by NSF grants EAR-9814833 and EAR-0120727."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1090110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T02:30:44Z","timestamp":1704853844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1090110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5650","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1090110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1090110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,28]]}}}