{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:04:31Z","timestamp":1792033471961,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5663","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In the Old World, some mosquitoes in the\n            <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n            complex are excellent enzootic vectors of West Nile virus, circulating the virus among birds, whereas others bite mainly humans and other mammals. Here we show that, in northern Europe, such forms differing in behavior and physiology have unique microsatellite fingerprints with no evidence of gene flow between them, as would be expected from distinct species. In the United States, however, hybrids between these forms are ubiquitous. Such hybrids between human-biters and bird-biters may be the bridge vectors contributing to the unprecedented severity and range of the West Nile virus epidemic in North America.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,4]],"date-time":"2004-03-04T21:23:36Z","timestamp":1078435416000},"page":"1535-1538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":435,"title":["Emerging Vectors in the\n            <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n            Complex"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"303","author":[{"given":"Dina M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusha","family":"Keyghobadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin A.","family":"Malcolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceylan","family":"Mehmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, 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Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoyoshi","family":"Mogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 3001 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20008\u20130551, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910\u20137500, USA."},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."},{"name":"Adege, Entente Interde\u0301partementale pour la De\u0301moustication Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e, 165 avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France."},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"E. 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Ganguly and the DNA Sequencing Facility University of Pennsylvania for technical assistance; and A. Bhandoola and four anonymous reviewers for comments and valuable suggestions on an earlier version of this manuscript. Supported by a National Research Council Associateship through the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (D.M.F.) by NIH grant nos. U50\/CCU220532 and 1R01GM063258 and by NSF grant no. DEB-0083944. This material reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1094247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T03:45:32Z","timestamp":1704858332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1094247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5663","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1094247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1094247","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,5]]}}}