{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:06:39Z","timestamp":1790903199775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5676","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ship-borne ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) measurements over the Atlantic Ocean during the period from 1977 to 2002 show that O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>trends in the northern mid-latitudes are small. In contrast, remarkably large O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>trends occur at low latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, where near-surface O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>has increased by up to a factor of 2. The likely cause is the substantial increase of anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>) associated with energy use in Africa, which has added to NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>from biomass burning and natural sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,18]],"date-time":"2004-05-18T00:34:03Z","timestamp":1084840443000},"page":"1483-1487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Increasing Ozone over the Atlantic Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Lelieveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"van Aardenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"de Reus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002 (WMO Geneva 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. P. Brasseur R. G. Prinn A. A. P. Pzenny Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World (Springer Berlin 2003).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18984-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v14i4.9563","volume":"14","year":"1962","unstructured":"C. E. Junge, Tellus14, 363 (1962).","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1385","volume":"106","year":"1973","unstructured":"P. J. Crutzen, Pure Appl. Geophys.106, 1385 (1973).","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v31i5.10458","volume":"31","year":"1979","unstructured":"J. Fishman, S. Solomon, P. J. Crutzen, Tellus31, 432 (1979).","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD092iD04p04191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00459-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01373"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02398"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)90024-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD02333"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL03505"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL01224"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01567"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900470"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000447"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002504"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048255"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Because some parts of the early data record are biased toward the November-March period during which O 3 concentrations are relatively low (notably over the South Atlantic Ocean) we normalized the data to the monthly mean O 3 concentration by subtracting the seasonal cycle as measured during the period from 1995 to 2002 for which we have comprehensive seasonal information (SOM text). If we do not apply this correction the trends for the data-sparse regions are larger up to 1 ppbv\/year. For the regions that are well sampled throughout the 25-year period this correction does not affect the results. We removed the data from one cruise in early 1991 during which O 3 was anomalously high for which we suspect an instrumental artifact. We also removed the data obtained within two hours sailing from harbors to prevent local pollution influences."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Hastenrath Climate and Circulation of the Tropics (Reidel Dordrecht Netherlands 1985).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5388-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. P. Peixoto A. H. Oort Physics of Climate (American Institute of Physics New York 1992).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2809772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"We investigated the air mass origin by calculating 5-day 3-dimensional backward trajectories at 2\u00b0 latitude resolution along the ship tracks for the period from 1995 to 2002 using the model of Stohl et al . ( 29 ) based on 6-hour meteorological analyses of the ECMWF. See also www.forst.tu-muenchen.de\/EXT\/LST\/METEO\/stohl\/flextra.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"4684","volume":"107","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. Stohl, S. Eckhardt, C. Forster, P. James, N. Spichtinger, J. Geophys. Res.107, 4684, 10.1029\/2001JD001396 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01567"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900470"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012250"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002742"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901055"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"We constructed an anthropogenic emission data set on a 1\u00b0 by 1\u00b0 grid resolution based on the historical Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) inventory of Van Aardenne et al . ( 36 ) using recent updates of energy- industry- and agriculture-related data sets per country and economic sector. The trend in ship emissions over the Atlantic Ocean has been derived by scaling the EDGAR data with international bunker fuel data from Endresen et al . ( 37 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001265"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002898"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900679"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001480"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003297"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002927"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"We thank the crews and technicians on the vessels Meteor Polarstern Walther Herwig Anton Dohrn Ymer Academie Fedorov and Berlin Express on which the ozone measurements were performed; A. Stickler for the trajectory analyses completed as part of his thesis work; and the German Weather Service (DWD) and the Max Planck Society (MPG) for their support of the long-term O 3 measurements and their analysis."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1096777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T19:13:52Z","timestamp":1734376432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1096777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5676","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1096777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1096777","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,4]]}}}