{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:50:57Z","timestamp":1792047057846,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5733","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including \u223c900 pseudogenes and \u223c1700\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most\n                    <jats:italic>VSG<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei, T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    reveals the least overall metabolic capability in\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the greatest in\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,14]],"date-time":"2005-07-14T18:03:51Z","timestamp":1121364231000},"page":"416-422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1499,"title":["The Genome of the African Trypanosome\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Berriman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK."},{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA."},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK."},{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Ghedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK."},{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA."},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK."},{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Hertz-Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK."},{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA."},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK."},{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gae\u0308lle","family":"Blandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK."},{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA."},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 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We also thank K. Stuart P. Myler E. Worthey [Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI)] and B. Andersson (Karolinska Institutet) for helpful discussions of the manuscript and P. Myler and G. Aggarwal (SBRI) for preparation of Plate 3. Funding for this work was provided by the Wellcome Trust and a grant from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to N.M.E.-S. (AI43062). Funding for provision of DNA resources was provided by Wellcome Trust grants to S.E.M. (062513) and C.M.R.T. (062513). Funding for several T. brucei genome network and Tritryp genome meetings over the past decade was provided by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund NIAID the Wellcome Trust and the World Health Organisation Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Correspondence and requests for sequence data should be addressed to M.B. (mb4@sanger.ac.uk) or N.M.E.-S. (nelsayed@tigr.org). Requests for DNA resources should be addressed to S.E.M. (sm160@cam.ac.uk) and requests for updates or amendments to genome annotation should be directed to C.H.-F. (chf@sanger.ac.uk). All data sets and the genome sequence and annotation are available through GeneDB at www.genedb.org. Sequence data have been deposited at DNA Data Bank of Japan\/European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/GenBank with consecutive accession numbers CP000066 to CP000071 for chromosomes 3 to 8 and project accession numbers AAGZ00000000 AAHA00000000 and AAHB0000000 for the whole-chromosome shotgun projects of chromosomes 9 to 11. The versions of chromosomes 9 to 11 described in this paper are the first versions AAGZ01000000 AAHA01000000 and AAHB01000000 and unassembled contigs (overlapping contiguous sequences) have accession number CR940345."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1112642","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T21:41:28Z","timestamp":1704836488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1112642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5733","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1112642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1112642","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1026987.327518","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1026987.326608","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]}}}