{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:04:26Z","timestamp":1791453866725,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5756","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Instead of the immunoglobulin-type antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, jawless fish have variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which consist of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. Somatic diversification of the\n                    <jats:italic>VLR<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is shown here to occur through a multistep assembly of LRR modules randomly selected from a large bank of flanking cassettes. The predicted concave surface of the VLR is lined with hypervariable positively selected residues, and computational analysis suggests a repertoire of about 10\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    unique receptors. Lamprey immunized with anthrax spores responded with the production of soluble antigen-specific VLRs. These findings reveal that two strikingly different modes of antigen recognition through rearranged lymphocyte receptors have evolved in the jawless and jawed vertebrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T16:57:34Z","timestamp":1135270654000},"page":"1970-1973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":283,"title":["Diversity and Function of Adaptive Immune Receptors in a Jawless Vertebrate"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"Alder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor B.","family":"Rogozin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshminarayan M.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina V.","family":"Glazko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max D.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Pancer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."},{"name":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA."},{"name":"Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00166.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02740"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503792102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Methods and 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Gojobori, M. Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol.3, 156 (1986).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"C. A. Janeway Jr. P. Traver M. Walport M. J. Shlomchik Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (Garland Publishing New York 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"We thank C. L. Turnbough and J. F. Kearney labs for advice and anthrax reagents; L. Gartland for the VLR-specific antibody G. L. Gartland for help with the FACS; L. Aravind M. F. Flajnik A. N. Haines and M. Criscitiello for critical comments. I.B.R. and L.M.I. were supported by the NLM\/NIH\/DHHS Intramural Research Program; M.D.C. is a HHMI Investigator; Z.P. was funded by NSF-MCB-0317460; contribution 05-122 from COMB. Reported sequences were deposited in GenBank: DQ150997 to DQ151421."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1119420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T23:27:05Z","timestamp":1704842825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1119420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5756","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1119420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1119420","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.375185","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.365640","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.356431","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.350418","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.360551","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1029907.357476","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]]}}}