{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:10:52Z","timestamp":1783411852790,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5826","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this millennium, global drylands face a myriad of problems that present tough research, management, and policy challenges. Recent advances in dryland development, however, together with the integrative approaches of global change and sustainability science, suggest that concerns about land degradation, poverty, safeguarding biodiversity, and protecting the culture of 2.5 billion people can be confronted with renewed optimism. We review recent lessons about the functioning of dryland ecosystems and the livelihood systems of their human residents and introduce a new synthetic framework, the Drylands Development Paradigm (DDP). The DDP, supported by a growing and well-documented set of tools for policy and management action, helps navigate the inherent complexity of desertification and dryland development, identifying and synthesizing those factors important to research, management, and policy communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,10]],"date-time":"2007-05-10T21:45:54Z","timestamp":1178833554000},"page":"847-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2477,"title":["Global Desertification: Building a Science for Dryland Development"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"316","author":[{"given":"James F.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Mark Stafford","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric F.","family":"Lambin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"B. L.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mortimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P. J.","family":"Batterbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Downing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Dowlatabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto J.","family":"Ferna\u0301ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Herrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Huber-Sannwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Leemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Lynam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando T.","family":"Maestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ayarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA."},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Post Office Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia."},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."},{"name":"Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA."},{"name":"Drylands Research, Cutters' Cottage, Glovers' Close, Milborne Port, Sherborne DT9 5ER, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"GLP Global Land Project\u2014Science Plan and Implementation Strategy\u201d [IGBP (International Geosphere Biosphere Program) Report No. 53\/International Human Dimensions Programme Report No. 19 IGBP Secretariat Stockholm 2005]; www.globallandproject.org\/documents.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment\u2014Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Desertification Synthesis (World Resources Institute Washington DC 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification Particularly in Africa\u201d (U.N. Doc. A\/AC.241\/27 33 I.L.M. 1328 United Nations 1994).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020782900026711"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"The precise numbers of the dryland population affected by desertification is contentious ( 50 ) but 250 million is a widely cited approximation ( 2 3 ). For comparison the Global Fund estimates annually 1 million deaths and 300 to 500 million new infections for malaria 3 million deaths and 40 million new infections for AIDS\/HIV and 2 million deaths and 8 million new infections for tuberculosis (www.theglobalfund.org)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"There has been extensive debate concerning definitions of desertification and degradation ( 51 ). Although the CCD definition is now formalized internationally a summary of the debate is given in ( 10 52 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"In a search of Science for July 1996 through June 2006 \u201cclimat* change\u201d appears in 634 titles\/abstracts and \u201cbiodiversity\u201d (or \u201cbiological diversity\u201d) appears in 211 whereas \u201cdesertification\u201d (and biophysical forms of \u201cdegradation\u201d) appears in only 4. Meanwhile the Convention on Climate Change occurs in 7 abstracts the Convention on Biological Diversity occurs in 4 and the CCD appears in 1. Similar findings are true for Nature ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"We suggest that in the past this has been exacerbated by a polarization of the research and practitioner communities over the phenomena and processes of study including tensions between environmental and development agendas and conceptual differences between top-down expert-driven managerial solutions and bottom-up local knowledge and capacity-building approaches ( 53 ). Such polarizations and differences are now ameliorating."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"We use H-E interactions to encompass a broad interpretation of the mutual interactions between and among human activities and natural-world processes\u2014an emerging field of science that has evolved in response to the need to elucidate complex relationships between sustainable resource use by humans and their environment ( 54 ). Also termed \u201csocial-ecological systems\u201d by The Resilience Alliance (www.resalliance.org\/1.php) H-E systems are more complex than the binary nature of these terms implies ( 25 ). Hence developing a predictive understanding of them is a major challenge for modern science ( 55 ) a challenge that is particularly accentuated in drylands."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"This represents a shift in attitude from an emphasis on mainly negative aspects of desertification (drought famines poverty) to a more positive focus on alternative livelihoods and sustainability ( 56 57 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"J. F. Reynolds D. M. Stafford Smith Eds. Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? (Dahlem Workshop Report 88 Dahlem Univ. Press Berlin 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/1464988032000087604","volume":"4","year":"2003","unstructured":"S. Khagram, W. C. Clark, D. F. Raad, J. Hum. Dev.4, 289 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"N. J. Middleton D. S. G. Thomas Eds. World Atlas of Desertification (U.N. Environment Programme Edward Arnold New York ed. 2 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136577"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-006-9012-6","volume":"34","year":"2006","unstructured":"K. A. Galvin, P. K. Thornton, J. R. de Pinho, J. Sunderland, R. B. Boone, Hum. Ecol.34, 155 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2003.06.003","volume":"22","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. Mortimore, F. Harris, Land Use Policy22, 43 (2005).","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"In a sandy dryland area of \u223c2500 km 2 around Kano Nigeria changes in a H-E system from the 1960s to the 1990s were driven by a 25% decline in average annual rainfall and by an increase in rural population densities from 140 to >220 km 2 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"297","year":"2002","unstructured":"R. Fern\u00e1ndezet al., in Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?, J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith, Eds. (Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 2002), pp. 297\u2013323.","journal-title":"Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(00)00047-9","volume":"11","year":"2001","unstructured":"A. Warren, S. Batterbury, H. Osbahr, Global Environ. Change11, 79 (2001).","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s100210000043","volume":"3","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. R. Carpenter, M. G. Turner, Ecosystems3, 495 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115233"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2307\/3060176","volume":"163","year":"1997","unstructured":"B. L. Turner II, Geogr. J.163, 133 (1997).","journal-title":"Geogr. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"233","year":"2002","unstructured":"T. E. Downing, M. L\u00fcdeke, in Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?, J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith, Eds. (Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 2002), pp. 233\u2013252.","journal-title":"Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2","volume":"54","year":"2004","unstructured":"H. J. Geist, E. F. Lambin, Bioscience54, 817 (2004).","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"B. Walker J. A. Meyers Ecol. Soc. 9 3 (2004); www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol9\/iss2\/art3."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"A. Kinzig et al. Ecol. Soc. 11 20 (2006); www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol11\/iss1\/art20\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00035-9","volume":"30","year":"2002","unstructured":"C. A. Sullivan, World Dev.30, 1195 (2002).","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"325","year":"2002","unstructured":"P. F. Robbinset al., in Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?, J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith, Eds. (Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 2002), pp. 325\u2013355.","journal-title":"Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"In wealthy economies there are enough resources for technological-managerial intervention to compensate for declines in critical variables of the H-E system (e.g. through large-scale water transport) or to shift the entire dryland-use system (e.g. suburban expansion of the American Sunbelt) ( 58 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"L. H. Gunderson C. S. Holling Eds. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems (Island Press Washington DC 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"357","year":"2002","unstructured":"S. Batterburyet al., in Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?, J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith, Eds. (Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 2002), pp. 357\u2013385.","journal-title":"Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"181","year":"2002","unstructured":"H. Jiang, in Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?, J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith, Eds. (Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 2002), pp. 181\u2013196.","journal-title":"Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"F. Berkes D. Jolly Conserv. Ecol. 5 18 (2001); www.consecol.org\/vol5\/iss2\/art18."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5412.278"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1275:TEKAWO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","year":"2000","unstructured":"N. J. Turner, M. B. Ignace, R. Ignace, Ecol. Appl.10, 1275 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","first-page":"1288","volume":"10","year":"2000","unstructured":"G. P. Nabhan, Ecol. Appl.10, 1288 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-5949-5","volume":"70","year":"2005","unstructured":"C. J. Stigter, Z. Dawei, L. O. Z. Onyewotu, M. Xurong, Clim. Change70, 255 (2005).","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2005.12.007","volume":"135","year":"2006","unstructured":"E. Barrios et al., Geoderma135, 248 (2006).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"M. Tengo K. Belfrage Ecol. Soc. 9 4 (2004); www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol9\/iss3\/art4."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2004.04.007","volume":"36","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. M. Ridley, P. M. Mele, C. R. Beverly, Soil Biol. Biochem.36, 1213 (2004).","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"ARID net is an international network (Box S2) established to conduct case studies of dryland H-E systems the goal of which is to facilitate field-level interactions between researchers local stakeholders (farmers landowners developers) and decision-makers."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6337","volume":"20","year":"2006","unstructured":"E. Huber-Sannwald, F. T. Maestre, J. E. Herrick, J. F. Reynolds, Hydrol. Process.20, 3395 (2006).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","unstructured":"Millions of rural poor in the subhumid and semi-arid regions of Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua and El Salvador face severe food deficits and poor opportunities for generating income to improve their livelihoods. The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QAS) was developed as a development strategy to improve rural livelihoods in the Lempira Department Honduras and has now been adopted by more than 6000 farmer households. This alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture builds strongly on local knowledge to deliver a doubling in crop yields and cattle-stocking rates and considerable reduction in costs associated with agrochemicals and labor as well as much improved resilience to droughts and cyclones thanks to enhanced landscape water-holding characteristics. To examine the QAS in the context of the DDP framework an ARID net workshop (13 to 20 November 2005)\u2014involving 20 natural and social scientists working in conjunction with local communities and decision-makers\u2014conducted a systematic analysis of long-term sustainability in the Candelaria region of Lempira. An analysis of findings showed that increased rates of soil erosion associated with inappropriate management practices in southern Honduras and northern Nicaragua can push these hillside agroecosystems across hydrologic thresholds (principle 3 in Table 2 i.e. P3; P1 to P5 and ki-1 to ki-5 refer to principles 1 to 5 and key implications 1 to 5 respectively in Table 2) when coarse-textured surface horizons are lost. Intervention costs rise nonlinearly (ki-3) for both biophysical (soil profile development) and socioeconomic reasons (more-motivated farmers emigrate in early stages of yield decline) (P1 ki-1). The QAS based on local environmental knowledge (P5) effectively addresses the key slow biophysical variables (soil depth and forest cover) by increasing the stability over time of the fast biophysical (soil moisture availability) and socioeconomic variables (income is diversified with fuelwood and tree-crop production) (P2). The system is supported by an extensive set of government and nongovernment relationships at multiple levels (P4 ki-4). The DDP analysis and the development of related conceptual models helped workshop participants identify the key factors and processes addressed by the QAS (P5). For another example from Mexico see Box S3."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"15","year":"2004","unstructured":"P. Wand, M. Stafford Smith, in Proceedings of the Australian Rangelands Society 13th Bienniel Conference, Alice Springs, 5 to 8 July 2004 (Australian Rangelands Society, Adelaide, 2004), pp. 15\u201322.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Australian Rangelands Society 13th Bienniel Conference, Alice Springs, 5 to 8 July 2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","first-page":"199","volume":"7","year":"2005","unstructured":"N. B. Grimm, C. L. 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Thomas for critical reviews. D.M.S.S. is supported by the Australian Government Cooperative Research Centres Programme through the Desert Knowledge CRC and by CSIRO. J.F.R. is supported by research award Humboldt-Forschungspreis (Humboldt Foundation Bonn) and the Department of Plant Ecology (University of Bayreuth). ARID net is funded by the U.S. NSF Research Coordination Networks (grant 0234186)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1131634","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T08:52:48Z","timestamp":1704876768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1131634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5826","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1131634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1131634","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,11]]}}}