{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:06:36Z","timestamp":1792238796010,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5831","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Replacing petroleum feedstocks by biomass requires efficient methods to convert carbohydrates to a variety of chemical compounds. We report the catalytic conversion of sugars giving high yield to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a versatile intermediate. Metal halides in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are catalysts, among which chromium (II) chloride is found to be uniquely effective, leading to the conversion of glucose to HMF with a yield near 70%. A wide range of metal halides is found to catalyze the conversion of fructose to HMF. Only a negligible amount of levulinic acid is formed in these reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,14]],"date-time":"2007-06-14T16:53:32Z","timestamp":1181840012000},"page":"1597-1600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1922,"title":["Metal Chlorides in Ionic Liquid Solvents Convert Sugars to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"316","author":[{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interfacial Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnathan E.","family":"Holladay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interfacial Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interfacial Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. Conrad","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interfacial Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"T. A. Werpy et al. \u201cTop value added chemicals from biomass\u201d [U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) report number DOE\/GO-102004-1992 Golden CO 2004; www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy04osti\/35523.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"97","volume":"2","year":"2006","unstructured":"B. Kamm, M. Kamm, M. Schmidt, T. Hirth, M. Schulze, in Biorefineries: Industrial Processes and Products, B. Kamm, P. R. Gruber, M. Kamm, Eds. 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In this paper we use the terms fructose and glucose in reference to the sugars in any of their conformers."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(90)84096-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.04.018","volume":"339","year":"2004","unstructured":"Z. Srokol et al., Carbohydr. Res.339, 1717 (2004).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1021\/ie9806390","volume":"38","year":"1999","unstructured":"B. M. Kabyemela, T. Adschiri, R. M. Malaluan, K. Arai, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.38, 2888 (1999).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1021\/ie960250h","volume":"36","year":"1997","unstructured":"B. M. Kabyemela, T. Adschiri, R. M. Malaluan, K. Arai, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.36, 1552 (1997).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. 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