{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:25:49Z","timestamp":1793114749205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5851","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent theory predicted that the quantum spin Hall effect, a fundamentally new quantum state of matter that exists at zero external magnetic field, may be realized in HgTe\/(Hg,Cd)Te quantum wells. We fabricated such sample structures with low density and high mobility in which we could tune, through an external gate voltage, the carrier conduction from n-type to p-type, passing through an insulating regime. For thin quantum wells with well width\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 6.3 nanometers, the insulating regime showed the conventional behavior of vanishingly small conductance at low temperature. However, for thicker quantum wells (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 6.3 nanometers), the nominally insulating regime showed a plateau of residual conductance close to 2\n                    <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    , where\n                    <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the electron charge and\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    is Planck's constant. The residual conductance was independent of the sample width, indicating that it is caused by edge states. Furthermore, the residual conductance was destroyed by a small external magnetic field. The quantum phase transition at the critical thickness,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6.3 nanometers, was also independently determined from the magnetic field\u2013induced insulator-to-metal transition. These observations provide experimental evidence of the quantum spin Hall effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,20]],"date-time":"2007-09-20T21:08:55Z","timestamp":1190322535000},"page":"766-770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5697,"title":["Quantum Spin Hall Insulator State in HgTe Quantum Wells"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"318","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Ko\u0308nig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Wiedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Bru\u0308ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Buhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens W.","family":"Molenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Liang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shou-Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut (EP III), Universita\u0308t Wu\u0308rzburg, D-97074 Wu\u0308rzburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087128"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.126603"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.156804"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.146802"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.106802"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.106401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.045322"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04233"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04235"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"X. Dai T. L. Hughes X.-L. Qi Z. Fang S.-C. Zhang http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0705.1516 (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Similar mass domain walls have been proposed to occur in three-dimensional in PbTe\/(Pb Sn)Te heterostructures where the \\batchmode \\documentclass[fleqn 10pt legalpaper]{article} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\pagestyle{empty} \\begin{document} \\(L_{6}^{{\\pm}}\\) \\end{document} bands change position as a function of Sn concentration ( 25 26 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.035321"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssc.200775402"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Well thicknesses have been calibrated by x-ray reflectivity measurements at the DESY synchrotron in Hamburg Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0268-1242\/21\/4\/015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"A. Pfeuffer-Jeschke thesis University of W\u00fcrzburg Germany (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.57.14772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1602170"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.076804"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"We have observed a similar independence of resistance on sample width in the d = 7 nm L = 20.0 \u03bcm devices showing that also in these larger structures the conductance is completely dominated by edge channels."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"FWHM of the magnetoresistance peak is about 10 mT at 30 mK increasing to 28 mT at 1.4 K."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105514"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.047204"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"178","volume":"42","year":"1985","unstructured":"B. A. Volkov, O. A. Pankratov, JETP Lett.42, 178 (1985).","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.57.2967"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"We thank A. Bernevig X. Dai Z. Fang T. Hughes C. X. Liu and C. J. Wu for insightful discussions; C. R. Becker and V. Hock for sample preparation; and C. Kumpf for calibrating the well widths of the HgTe samples. This work is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant SFB 410); the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (grant 881\/05); the NSF (grant DMR-0342832); the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract DE-AC03-76SF00515; and Focus Center Research Program (FCRP) Center on Functional Engineered Nanoarchitectonics (FENA)."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1148047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T03:01:16Z","timestamp":1704855676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1148047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5851","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1148047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1148047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]}}}