{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:10:50Z","timestamp":1791853850180,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5902","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO\n            <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n            =NO+ NO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ) play a pivotal role in the cycling of reactive nitrogen (ultimately deposited as nitrate) and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Combined measurements of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of nitrate collected in the Arctic atmosphere were used to infer the origin and fate of NO\n            <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n            and nitrate on a seasonal basis. In spring, photochemically driven emissions of reactive nitrogen from the snowpack into the atmosphere make local oxidation of NO\n            <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n            by bromine oxide the major contributor to the nitrate budget. The comprehensive isotopic composition of nitrate provides strong constraints on the relative importance of the key atmospheric oxidants in the present atmosphere, with the potential for extension into the past using ice cores.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1161910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,30]],"date-time":"2008-10-30T20:43:34Z","timestamp":1225399414000},"page":"730-732","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Tracing the Origin and Fate of NO\n            <sub>x<\/sub>\n            in the Arctic Atmosphere Using Stable Isotopes in Nitrate"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Morin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe\u0308l","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slimane","family":"Bekki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan W.","family":"Bottenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean M. F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France."},{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Ge\u0301ophysique de l'Environnement, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France."},{"name":"Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Universite\u0301 Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France."},{"name":"Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Atmospheric reactive nitrogen encompasses here nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) and their oxidation products."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"L14704","volume":"34","year":"2007","unstructured":"D. Shindell, Geophys. Res. Lett.34, L14704 (2007).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"D11306","volume":"111","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. Stohl, J. Geophys. Res.111, D11306 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00236.x","volume":"59","year":"2007","unstructured":"P. K. Quinnet al., Tellus59B, 99 (2007).","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/378050a0","volume":"378","year":"1995","unstructured":"H. B. Singh, M. Kanakidou, P. J. Crutzen, D. J. Jacob, Nature378, 50 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00288-5","volume":"34","year":"2000","unstructured":"H. J. Beine, T. Krognes, Atmos. Environ.34, 933 (2000).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900077","volume":"26","year":"1999","unstructured":"R. E. Honrathet al., Geophys. Res. Lett.26, 695 (1999).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-335-2003","volume":"3","year":"2003","unstructured":"H. J. Beineet al., Atmos. Chem. Phys.3, 335 (2003).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-4329-2007","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. M. Grannaset al., Atmos. Chem. Phys.7, 4329 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-4375-2007","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"W. R. Simpsonet al., Atmos. Chem. Phys.7, 4375 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1451-2007","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. Morin, J. Savarino, S. Bekki, S. Gong, J. W. Bottenheim, Atmos. Chem. Phys.7, 1451 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"L13807","volume":"33","year":"2006","unstructured":"C. Granieret al., Geophys. Res. Lett.33, L13807 (2006).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Isotopic enrichments are expressed with the \u03b4 notation: \u03b4 x O= R x sample \/R x reference \u2013 1 where R x refers to the x O\/ 16 O mole ratio for x = 17 or 18 or the 15 N\/ 14 N mole ratio in the sample and the reference material (standard mean ocean water for oxygen atmospheric N 2 for nitrogen)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020644k","volume":"103","year":"2003","unstructured":"C. A. M. Brenninkmeijeret al., Chem. Rev.103, 5125 (2003).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"C. Kendall E. M. Elliott S. D. Wankel Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science 2nd Edition (Blackwell Oxford 2007) chap. 12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.34.031405.125026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1870","volume":"30","year":"2003","unstructured":"G. Michalski, Z. Scott, M. Kabiling, M. H. Thiemens, Geophys. Res. Lett.30, 1870 (2003).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Nitrate (both particulate and gas-phase HNO 3 ) trapped on Whatman 41 filters by means of high-volume sampling at a subweekly resolution between April 2005 and July 2006 was dissolved in ultrapure water and analyzed for its oxygen and nitrogen isotope ratios using an automated version of the denitrifier technique ( 34 ). Uncertainties (1\u03c3) pertaining to \u03b4 18 O \u0394 17 O and \u03b4 15 N measurements are 2 0.4 and 0.5\u2030 respectively (see SOM for details)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.06.028","volume":"38","year":"2004","unstructured":"T. H. E. Heaton, P. Wynn, A. Tye, Atmos. Environ.38, 5611 (2004).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"D20306","volume":"109","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. G. Hastings, E. J. Steig, D. M. Sigman, J. Geophys. Res.109, D20306 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00874","volume":"98","year":"1993","unstructured":"H. D. Freyer, D. Kley, A. Volz-Thomas, K. Kobel, J. Geophys. Res.98, 14791 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7661","DOI":"10.1021\/es070898t","volume":"41","year":"2007","unstructured":"E. M. Elliottet al., Environ. Sci. Technol.41, 7661 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11007","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03364","volume":"103","year":"1998","unstructured":"D. Wagenbach, M. Legrand, H. Fischer, F. Pichlmayer, E. W. Wolff, J. Geophys. Res.103, 11007 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1925-2007","volume":"7","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. Savarino, J. Kaiser, S. Morin, D. M. Sigman, M. H. Thiemens, Atmos. Chem. Phys.7, 1925 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"L13501","volume":"32","year":"2005","unstructured":"T. Blunier, G. L. Floch, H.-W. Jacobi, E. Quansah, Geophys. Res. Lett.32, L13501 (2005).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11599","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900077","volume":"104","year":"1999","unstructured":"A. Sirois, L. A. Barrie, J. Geophys. Res.104, 11599 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(02)00123-0","volume":"29","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. Richter, F. Wittrock, A. Ladst\u00e4tter-Weissenmayer, J. P. Burrows, Adv. Space Res.29, 1667 (2002).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2917581","volume":"128","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. Savarino, S. K. Bhattacharya, S. Morin, M. Baroni, J.-F. Doussin, J. Chem. Phys.128, 194303 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061022s","volume":"79","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. Kaiser, M. G. Hastings, B. Z. Houlton, T. R\u00f6ckmann, D. M. Sigman, Anal. Chem.79, 599 (2007).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Thanks are due to the Alert Global Atmospheric Watch station personnel for aerosol field sampling in rough conditions; to E. Vince for help with bacterial cultures; to J. Kaiser D. Sigman and M. Hastings for their help with setting up the analytical technique; to G. Picard F. Domin\u00e9 and M. Thiemens for helpful discussions; and to J.-Ph. Balestrieri for technical support. Funding was provided by the Institut Polaire\u2013Paul-\u00c9mile Victor Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers LEFE-CHAT and the European Science Foundation under the EUROCORES Programme EuroCLIMATE through contract no. ERAS-CT-2003-980409 of the European Commission DG Research FP6. S.M. acknowledges the Ecole National des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es for financial support."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1161910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T07:51:14Z","timestamp":1704873074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1161910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5902","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1161910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1161910","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]]}}}