{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1792206843086,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5909","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium carbonate forms scales, geological deposits, biominerals, and ocean sediments. Huge amounts of carbon dioxide are retained as carbonate ions, and calcium ions represent a major contribution to water hardness. Despite its relevance, little is known about the precipitation mechanism of calcium carbonate, and specified complex crystal structures challenge the classical view on nucleation considering the formation of metastable ion clusters. We demonstrate that dissolved calcium carbonate in fact contains stable prenucleation ion clusters forming even in undersaturated solution. The cluster formation can be characterized by means of equilibrium thermodynamics, applying a multiple-binding model, which allows for structural preformation. Stable clusters are the relevant species in calcium carbonate nucleation. Such mechanisms may also be important for the crystallization of other minerals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]],"date-time":"2008-12-18T17:48:43Z","timestamp":1229622523000},"page":"1819-1822","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1583,"title":["Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Gebauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mu\u0308hlenberg 1, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Vo\u0308lkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mu\u0308hlenberg 1, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Co\u0308lfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mu\u0308hlenberg 1, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159124"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/0540057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B604589H"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b701450c"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200306565"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200300381"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B611918M"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(99)00749-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600134"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b710895h"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3765(20001016)6:20<3679::AID-CHEM3679>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma030550s"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"4","volume":"128","year":"2008","unstructured":"D. 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Cryst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049586s"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(98)00830-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01167a001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(89)90168-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Financial support by the German Science Foundation priority program 1117 \u201cPrinciples of Biomineralization\u201d and the Max Planck Society are gratefully acknowledged. We thank M. Antonietti (MPI) and P. Bowen (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne Switzerland) for valuable discussions on the manuscript A. Verch (MPI) for experimental assistance and O. Paris and I. Zenke (both MPI) for SAXS analysis. D.G. thanks T. Ketterer and J. 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