{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:27:59Z","timestamp":1793050079104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5923","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The basis of science is the hypothetico-deductive method and the recording of experiments in sufficient detail to enable reproducibility. We report the development of Robot Scientist \u201cAdam,\u201d which advances the automation of both. Adam has autonomously generated functional genomics hypotheses about the yeast\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and experimentally tested these hypotheses by using laboratory automation. We have confirmed Adam's conclusions through manual experiments. To describe Adam's research, we have developed an ontology and logical language. The resulting formalization involves over 10,000 different research units in a nested treelike structure, 10 levels deep, that relates the 6.6 million biomass measurements to their logical description. This formalization describes how a machine contributed to scientific knowledge.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T17:36:39Z","timestamp":1238693799000},"page":"85-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":558,"title":["The Automation of Science"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"324","author":[{"given":"Ross D.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jem","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Aubrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Liakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Markham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Pir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa N.","family":"Soldatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sparkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Clare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DB, UK."},{"name":"Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK."},{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"383","volume":"440","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nature440, 383 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"809","volume":"36","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. Hey, A. Trefethen, in Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality, 36809 (Wiley, New York, 2003).","journal-title":"Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"S. Toulmin in Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition 2004 CD (Encyclopaedia Britannica UK London 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"34","volume":"284","year":"2001","unstructured":"T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila, Sci. Am.284, 34 (May2001).","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02236"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"209","volume":"5","year":"1969","unstructured":"B. G. Buchanan, G. L. Sutherland, E. A. Feigenbaum, in Machine Intelligence, B. Meltzer, D. Michie, Eds. (Edinburgh Univ. 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The Robot Scientist Project www.aber.ac.uk\/compsci\/Research\/bio\/robotsci\/ (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2435976100"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-97"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"J. D. Ullman Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems Vol. I: Classical Database Systems (Computer Science New York 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1492"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"433","volume":"236","year":"1950","unstructured":"A. Turing, Mind236, 433 (1950).","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a801345d"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/24.6.1172"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"This work was funded by grants from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council to R.D.K. S.G.O. and M.Y.; by a SRIF 2 award to R.D.K.; by fellowships from the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851 the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Royal Academy of Engineering to A.C.; and by a RC-UK Fellowship to L.N.S. We thank D. Struttman for help with yeast and M. Benway for help with Adam."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1165620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:37:36Z","timestamp":1704861456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1165620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5923","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1165620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1165620","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]]}}}