{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:04:37Z","timestamp":1791234277104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5936","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Phoenix Ascending<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Phoenix mission landed on Mars in March 2008 with the goal of studying the ice-rich soil of the planet's northern arctic region. Phoenix included a robotic arm, with a camera attached to it, with the capacity to excavate through the soil to the ice layer beneath it, scoop up soil and water ice samples, and deliver them to a combination of other instruments\u2014including a wet chemistry lab and a high-temperature oven combined with a mass spectrometer\u2014for chemical and geological analysis. Using this setup,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Smith\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"58\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1172339\">58<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) found a layer of ice at depths of 5 to 15 centimeters,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Boynton\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"61\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1172768\">61<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) found evidence for the presence of calcium carbonate in the soil, and\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Hecht\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"64\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1172466\">64<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) found that most of the soluble chlorine at the surface is in the form of perchlorate. Together these results suggest that the soil at the Phoenix landing site must have suffered alteration through the action of liquid water in geologically the recent past. The analysis revealed an alkaline environment, in contrast to that found by the Mars Exploration Rovers, indicating that many different environments have existed on Mars. Phoenix also carried a lidar, an instrument that sends laser light upward into the atmosphere and detects the light scattered back by clouds and dust. An analysis of the data by\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Whiteway\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"68\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"325\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1172344\">68<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) showed that clouds of ice crystals that precipitated back to the surface formed on a daily basis, providing a mechanism to place ice at the surface.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T14:46:17Z","timestamp":1503931577000},"page":"58-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":486,"title":["H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O at the Phoenix Landing Site"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"P. H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. K.","family":"Tamppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Arvidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Blaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. V.","family":"Boynton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Carswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optech Incorporated, Vaughan, Ontario L4K 5Z8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Catling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK, and Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. C.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Duck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1Z9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"DeJong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 31791 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"Gunnlaugsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. H.","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Hipkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec J3Y 8Y9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas\u2013Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. F.","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 31791 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. U.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 31791 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"Kounaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. F.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Lemmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planetary Physics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 31791 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Mellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. V.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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